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of Orange, and Godfrey of Boulogne. Some of his poems are in the Collection of Manessi.

ESCHENBURG, John Joachim, professor in the Carolinum at Brunswick, was born at Hamburg, in 1743, and died at Brunswick, in 1820. He received his early education at Hamburg, then studied at Leipsic, under Ernesti, Gallert, Morus and Clodius, and at Göttingen, under Heyne and Michaelis. He afterwards went to Brunswick as a tutor; and, on the death of the poet Zacharias, he was appointed to the professorship in the Carolinum there—an office which he filled till his death. Germany is indebted to him for an acquaintance with many good English writers on æsthetics; for example, Brown, Webb, Burney, Fuseli (properly, Fucssly) and Hurd. Eschenburg translated their works, with valuable additions to some of them. He also published, in different periodicals, accounts of English literature, and thus contributed to make the literary treasures of England, an object of great admiration among the Germans. His most valuable work was a translation of Shakspeare (Zurich, 1755-87, 14 vols., also 1798-1806, 12 vols.). Wieland had engaged in this undertaking before Eschenburg; but the translation of the latter is the most complete which has yet been made, and is still esteemed, though inferior to Schlegel's in elegance, harmony and verbal accuracy. He extended his reputation by the publication of his lectures, delivered in the Carolinum, by his Theorie und Literatur der schönen Wissenschaften, nebst einer Beispielsammlung dazu, and by his Handbuch der classischen Literatur.

ESCHINES. (See Eschines.) ESCHYLUS. (See Eschylus.) ESCLEPIADES. (See Esclepiades.) ESCLEPIADIC. (See Esclepiadic.) ESCOIQUIZ, don Juan, the confidential friend of Ferdinand VII, born in 1762, of an ancient family of Navarre, was, in his youth, page to Charles III. From an inclination for serious studies, he chose a religious in preference to a military life, and received a canonicate in the cathedral at Saragossa. His amiable qualities acquired for him many friends and patrons at court, and he was appointed instructer to the prince of Asturias. He soon succeeded in winning the favor of the prince. The courage and frankness with which he expressed himself to the king and queen in 1797, 1798, on the subject of the calamities which pressed so heavily on

Spain, drew upon him the enmity of the prince of peace (Godoy), who procured his banishment to Toledo. Escoiquiz sought, even in his exile, by memorials, which he sent to the king, to undeceive the royal family as to the favorite, but ineffectually. The prince of peace gained a continually increasing influence with the king, so that the prince of Asturias, in March, 1807, wrote to Escoiquiz, “that he was in fear for his crown," and "looked to him for advice and assistance." Escoiquiz immediately hastened to Madrid, where the revolting affair of the Escurial was agitated. He defended the prince of Asturias with so much ability as to effect a decided change in public opinion. When Ferdinand ascended the throne, in 1808, Escoiquiz was made counsellor of state. He advised the journey to Bayonne, and accompanied Ferdinand thither. He was present at the interview with Napoleon, who knew his influence, and labored to gain him. Escoiquiz constantly exhorted the king of Spain not to abdicate the throne, whatever consequences might ensue. The abdication, however, took place, and Escoiquiz accompanied Ferdinand to Valençay, but was soon after separated from him, and removed to Bourges, where he lived in retirement four and a half years. He returned to Valençay, December, 1813, when the course of events had rendered Napoleon inclined to a reconciliation with Ferdinand VII and the Infant, and took part in all the proceedings which seated the Bourbons on the throne of Spain, immediately before the final fall of Napoleon. In 1814, he left the court, and retired to Saragossa. He fell into disgrace, because he had advised the king to accept, at least in part, the constitution of the cortes. He behaved with firmness when arrested by order of the king. Some time after, he was recalled, but was disgraced a second time. Escoiquiz also acquired some reputation as an author, and translated into Spanish Young's Night Thoughts, Milton's Paradise Lost, and other works. His explanation of the motives which induced Ferdinand to go to Bayonne, is an important document for the history of the time. He died in exile, at Ronda, in Andalusia, in 1820. His life is a fair commentary on Ferdinand's character.

ESCORT; a guard; a body of armed men which attends an officer or baggage, provisions or munitions conveyed by land from place to place, to protect them. This word is sometimes used for naval

protectors; but the proper word in this case is convoy. (q. v.)

ESCULAPIUS. (See Esculapius.)

ESCURIAL (el Escorial), à celebrated building, is situated midway up the ascent of the chain of mountains which bounds Old Castile, 22 miles from Madrid. The choice of this rugged situation by Philip II indicates the stern and melancholy character which history ascribes to that prince. It was erected in consequence of a vow made by Philip, on the day of the battle of St. Quentin, at which, however, he was not present. He dedicated it to St. Lawrence, whose festival was on that day. Every thing in the Escurial reminds us of the instrument of the martyrdom of this saint-a gridiron. It is seen upon the doors, windows, altars and sacerdotal habits; the edifice itself is in that form. It is a quadrangular building, with the principal front to the west, behind which is a mountain; the opposite side, which faces Madrid, has the form of the shortened handle of a gridiron; and the four legs are represented by the four little square towers which rise above the four angles. The exterior of the Escurial is not magnificent in the architecture. It has rather the austere simplicity of a convent than the elegance of a palace. In front of the door of the church is a fine peristyle; over the front of which are six colossal statues of the kings of Israel, which appear as if just balanced on their slender pedestals. The two in the middle are David and Solomon. The sculptor has endeavored to give to these two statues the features of Charles V and Philip II. The number of windows, doors and courts has been exaggerated to a ridiculous degree, in the descriptions of the abbé de Vayrac and señor Colmenar. They state that there are 11,000 doors. In the whole, there is something striking, but it does not correspond to the idea formed of it from the accounts given by those writers. The edifice is built of hewn stone, of a species of granite; its color has become brown with time, and adds to the austerity of the building. It is a quadrangle, 740 feet in length, by 580 in breadth. The Escurial is said to have cost 50,000,000 dollars. The most remarkable pictures are the Virgin Mary, by Guido; the Woman taken in Adultery, and St. Jerome writing, by Vandyke; the Martyrdom of St. Ursula, and the Fall of the Angels, by Pellegrino Tibaldi, in the church, where are also some good paintings by Navarrete and by Lucas Cambiano. In the two vestries

are several pictures of Paul Veronese, Rubens, Spagnoletto, and Titian; an Assumption, by Annibal Carracci, and the Lord's Supper, by Tintoretto. The altar piece in the vestry, by the Portuguese Claudio Coelho, is one of the most striking; it is Charles II, accompanied by the nobility, on his knees before the holy sacrament. The pictures of St. Sebastian, of natural size, and the Savior disputing with a doctor of the law, are some of the best among those of Titian. Three by Raphael-one, called the pearl, on account of its superior excellence, is a Holy Family; another, the Visitation, in which the modesty of the virgin, and her embarrassment on appearing before Elizabeth, with the unexpected signs of her pregnancy, cannot be too much admired. The Pantheon is a subterranean apartment, situated immediately beneath the grand altar of the chapel. A long, arched stairway, lined on all sides with polished marble, and descending far below the surface of the earth, conducts to this apartment. The whole interior is lined with dark marble, beautifully veined, and of great lustre. This is the burying place of the Spanish royal family. The bodies of the princes who have not reigned are deposited in one chamber, those of the kings and queens in another. The remains of the duke of Vendome rest in the Pantheon, as those of marshal Turenne do in the church of St. Denis. A superb lustre, pendent from the cupola, is lighted up on extraordinary occasions. The coffins which contain the bodies of the kings and queens are placed on each side of an altar, in three rows, and in different compartments. The cases are of bronze and porphyry, and simple yet noble in their form. The two great cloisters are painted in fresco; the paintings are by Tibaldi, and the figures are of colossal size. Guercino, Velasquez, and other celebrated painters, have ornamented several galleries and cloisters. Here is the famous picture of Raphael, called the Madonna del Pez. This picture represents the young Tobit, conducted by the angel Raphael, offering, with a timid air, the tribute of his fish. The group is composed, beside the angel and Tobit, of Christ, the virgin Mary, and St. Jerome, in a cardinal's habit, reading the Bible to them. The library, founded by Philip II, and much augmented by his son, is remarkable for the large number of Greek and Arabic_manuscripts, and for the paintings. There are several pleasurehouses at a short distance from the con

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vent, belonging to the Infantes. The monks are very liberal, and allow any person, of decent dress and demeanor, free access to the library and all its books. The royal family used to pass six weeks here every year, before king Ferdinand's reign; it is now scarcely ever visited by his majesty or his brothers. The number of monks is now (1830) 140 or 150.

ESCUTCHEON, in heraldry, is derived from the French écusson, and that from the Latin scutum. It signifies the shield whereon coats of arms are represented. ESKI; a Turkish word, signifying old, contained in several geographical names; as, Eski cheher, old city.

ESKIMAUX. (See Esquimaux.) ESMENARD, Joseph Alphonse; a poet, born in 1769, at Pélissane, in Provence. After having finished his education at Marseilles, he made a voyage to St. Domingo, and, on his return, formed an acquaintance with Marmontel, which developed his literary tastes. At the begin ning of the revolution, he belonged to the club of Feuillans, and on its downfall was obliged to leave the country. He travelled five years in England, Germany and Italy, and, on his return from Constantinople, settled in Venice, where he formed the design of his poem La Navigation. He returned to France, was again banished for his political writings, returned after the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, and labored with La Harpe and Fontanes on the Mercure de la France. He accompanied Le Clerc to St. Domingo, and, after his return, received a place in the ministry of the interior. His Navigation appeared in the year 1805. He is blamed for many defects, but his talent for describing scenes on the ocean is universally admired. In 1808, he brought upon the stage an opera, entitled Trajan, and was banished once more by Napoleon, after having been assailed by numerous enemies, and made a member of the institute. After three months, he returned from exile, and died in 1811.

ESMERALDAS; a province of Colombia, on the coast of the Pacific ocean, abounding in wax, copal, balsains, manilla, indigo, tobacco and excellent cacao. Its mountains are covered with rare and valuable woods, and contain gold mines. Fine emeralds are also found in this province.-Esmeraldas is likewise the name of a river and a seaport of this province. ESNEH, ESNE, or ASNA (called, by the Egyptians, Sné, or Sna); a city of Upper Egypt, in the Thebaid, on the left bank of the Nile, about 27 miles S. of the ruins

of Thebes, and 350 S. S. E. of Cairo; lat.
25° 17′ 38′′ N.; lon. 32° 34′ 56′′ E. Es-
neh stands on the site of the ancient La-
topolis. Among the ruins there is a beau-
tiful portico of 24 columns, which is one
of the most perfect remains of Egyptian
architecture. The ceiling contains a zo-
diac, which has been supposed to be 2000
years older than that of Denderah; but
Champollion, in one of his letters, dated
1829, is decidedly of the opinion that the
great temple of Esne, as it is called, instead
of being one of the most ancient buildings
of Egypt, is one of the most modern. He
draws this conclusion from the rudeness
and stiffness of the bass-reliefs and hiero-
glyphics, as well as from the inscriptions.
The latter contain merely the names of
different Roman emperors. "The real age
of the pronaos of Esneh," says M. Cham-
pollion, "is, therefore, not of a more re-
mote period than the reign of the empe-
ror Claudius; and the sculptures, among
which is the famous zodiac, are as late as
the time of Caracalla."
The marquis
Spineto, in his Lectures on the Elements
of Hieroglyphics, is of the same opinion.
Esneh is of considerable importance in a
commercial point of view. The great car-
avan coming from Sennaar stops at this
place, and a camel market, famous through-
out all Egypt, is held here. Among the
population of Esneh are 300 Coptic fami-
lies. Not far from it are the ruins of an-
other temple, with a zodiac, not so well
preserved, however, as that in the ceiling.
Feb. 25, 1799, the French were attacked
here by the Mamelukes.

ESOP. (See Esop.)
ESOPUS. (See Esopus.)

ESOTERIC (Greek; secret, revealed only to the initiated). In the mysteries or secret societies of the ancients, the doctrines were distinguished into the esoteric and exoteric, the former for the initiated, who were permitted to enter into the sanctuary itself (the Esoterics), and the latter for the uninitiated (the Exoterics), who remained in the outer court. The sarne distinction is also made, in philosophy, between those doctrines which belong pe culiarly to the initiated, and those which are adapted to the limited capacities of the unlearned.

ESPAGNOLETTO. (See Spagnoletto.) ESPALIERS; rows of trees planted about a garden, and trained up regularly to a lattice of wood-work, in a close hedge, for the defence of tender plants.

ESPINASSE, Julie Jeanne Eléonore. This amiable lady, who united the most brilliant talents to a heart susceptible of

the warmest love, was born at Lyons, 1732. She was an illegitimate child, but passed for the daughter of a citizen, whose name she bore. She was selected as a companion by the marchioness du Deffand, whose offers she gladly accepted, being in a state of extreme indigence. At first, the two ladies lived together in the greatest harmony; but the superior attractions of Julie, which captivated even d'Alembert, a most devoted admirer of du Deffand, soon made the marchioness regard her as a dangerous rival, and their connexion was broken off. Mlle. l'Espinasse, however, had already made many friends, and the king, by the recommendation of the duke de Choiseul, granted her a pension. From this time, she shone in the great world, surrounded by a brilliant circle of admirers. D'Alembert endeavored in vain to obtain her affections; he only succeeded in obtaining her esteem. The marquis of Mora, a young Spanish nobleman, loved her, and was loved in return; but was soon superseded in her affections by colonel Guibert, celebrated for his connexion with Frederic II. Her letters show the strength of her sensibility and the caprices of her love, which was blindly lavished without regard to reciprocation. She died in 1776.

ESPIRITU-SANTO, or SPIRITU-SANTO (the Spanish for Holy Ghost); a name of ten occurring in geography. For instance, it belongs to a place on the island of Cuba; to a bay of Florida; to an island in the gulf of California; to a bay of Mexico, &c.

ESPLANADE, in fortification; the sloping of the parapet of the covered way towards the open country; the same with glacis.

ESPRÉMÉNIL, James Duval d', a native of Pondicherry, counsellor of the parliament of Paris, and deputy from the nobility to the states-general in 1789, was distinguished for talent and virtue. D'Espréměnil had entertained the project of restoring to France the statesgeneral; and, at the session of the parliament, Nov. 19, 1787, he spoke with energy in favor of that scheme, and in opposition to the measures of the ministry. He renewed his animadversions, May 3, 1788, in consequence of which he was seized and banished to the isle of St. Margaret. Being recalled to Paris in 1789, he was nominated a deputy to the states-general, when he defended the monarchy against innovators with as much warmth as he had before opposed the despotism of the ministry. He made a speech

against the union of the different orders, and, when he saw the minority of the nobles about to leave the chamber of session, he exclaimed, "We are on the field of battle: the cowards desert us: but let us close our ranks, and we are still strong enough." In opposing the establishment of paper money, in September, 1790, he made the singular proposition to reestablish the monarchy in the full plenitude of its power. He afterwards endeavored in vain to curb the revolutionary fury, to which he was destined to fall a victim. On the 27th of July, 1792, he was assailed by a band of armed men, by whom he was badly wounded, and narrowly escaped being killed. His friends then entreated him to leave France; but he refused, saying he ought to await the consequences of a revolution of which he had been one of the prime movers. He was at length condemned by the revolutionary tribunal, and perished on the scaffold in 1793. D'Espréménil was 48 years of age at the time of his execution.

ESPRIT, in French, signifies spirit. In English, the phrase esprit de corps is not unfrequently used in the sense of attachment to the class or body of which one is a member.

ESQUIMAUX; an Indian nation of North America, occupying nearly all of the northern part of the continent, from Prince William's sound along the coasts of the Icy sea and of Hudson's bay to the borders of the Atlantic on the Labrador coast. Those to the N. W. of Hudson's bay are of a larger size than those of Labrador, but they are all dwarfish. Their origin is uncertain; but they are evidently different from the aborigines generally diffused over the country, in language, character, habits of living, complexion and stature. Their features are harsh and disagreeable, their cheek bones prominent, their noses small and flat, their eyes small and black, and their lips thick. They are clothed in the skins of marine animals, which constitute their principal subsistence. Besides taking seals and whales, they hunt the reindeer, the bear, wolves, and other wild beasts. Their domestic animals are a large kind of dogs, which they use for draught and the chase, and which they prefer to the reindeer. Their arms are bows and arrows, spears and knives. Their canoes are composed of a frame of wood or whalebone, covered with seal skins. The smaller kind, capable of containing only one person, are called kayaks. They sometimes use a larger kind, called oomiak, for transport

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ing luggage and removing their families, which afford accommodations for twenty persons. There is no authentic account of their numbers. They are represented as being without any kind of government, and nothing is known of their religious notions. They wrap up the dead in skins, and deposit the body, with the arms of the deceased, in the hollow of a rock. In 1764, the Moravian Brethren from Greenland established a mission in Labrador. They have induced the Esquimaux within their influence to abolish the custom of putting to death widows and orphans, and that of abandoning the aged who were incapable of procuring their own subsistence. The missionaries are of opinion that the Esquimaux originated from Greenland, on account of the great similarity of their manners and customs, and of their language, to those of the Greenlanders.

ESQUIRE; anciently, the person that attended a knight in the time of war, and carried his shield. Those to whom the title of esquire is now due in England, are, all noblemen's younger sons, and the eldest sons of such younger sons; the eldest sons of knights, and their eldest sons; the officers of the king's courts, and of his household; counsellors at law, justices of the peace, &c., though the latter are only esquires in reputation: besides, a justice of the peace holds this title no longer than he is in commission, in case he is not otherwise qualified to bear it; but a sheriff of a county, who is a superior officer, retains the title of esquire during life, in consequence of the trust once reposed in him. The heads of some ancient families are esquires by right of prescription.

Ess, Charles van, born in 1770, at Warburg, in the bishopric of Paderborn, entered the Benedictine abbey of Huysburg, near Halberstadt, in 1788, where he subsequently became prior; but, on the suppression of the abbey, in 1804, he became a parish preacher at this place. In 1811, the bishop of Paderborn appointed him episcopal commissioner, with the full powers of vicar-general in the departinents of the Elbe and Saal. In this situation, he evinced a great predilection for the Roman see. It is said that he took but little part in the translation of the New Testament which was published under his and his brother's name, and he subsequently disclaimed any cooperation in it. In 1810, he wrote a History of the Abbey of Huysburg, and, at the time of the Protestant jubilee, in 1817, a Short

History of Religion, which was publicly burnt by the scholars in Halberstadt, at the celebration of the festival of the reformation, and which was answered by some scholars in the vicinity. He died Ŏct. 22, 1824.-His brother, Leander van Ess, Benedictine of the abbey of Marienmünster, in the territory of Paderborn, and, at a later period, a parish priest at Schwalenberg, in the principality of Lippe, and, since 1813, professor extraordinary of theology, and preacher at Marburg, also one of the directors of the seminary for teachers at that city, has distinguished himself by his translation of the New Testament, published at Sulzbach, by Seidel. The pope, it is true, has lately prohibited this translation; but, in 1820, a new edition appeared, under the name of Leander only. This translation has had a great influence upon the German Catholics.

ESSAYING. (See Assaying.)

ESSENES, or ESSEANS; a sect among the Jews, the origin of which is unknown, as well as the etymology of their name. They are first mentioned in the book of Maccabees, about B. C. 150. They lived in solitude, and had all their possessions in common. Certain examinations preceded the admission of candidates to their society. Philo says, that they sacrificed no living creature, and that they shunned cities. Josephus says, that they sent presents to the temple, but offered no sacrifices there. They had purer ideas of God than the Jews commonly entertained, a strict code of morals, and a Pythagorean manner of life. Instead of performing external rites, they devoted themselves to prayer and silent devotion, scrupulously observed the Sabbath, were extremely abstinent, and healed diseases of every kind by roots and herbs. They rejected the subtilties of the Pharisees and the epicureanism of the Sadducees. History no where supports the supposition that Jesus and John were members of this body. (See Bellermann's Ancient Accounts of the Essenes and Therapeuta, Berlin, 1821.) The principal ancient writers who give an account of this sect are Josephus, Philo and Pliny.

ESSENTIAL OILS. This name is applied to those volatile fluids usually obtained from aromatic plants, by subjecting them to distillation with water. The oil is volatilized with the aqueous vapor, and is easily condensed; a small portion of it is retained in solution by the water; but the greater part separates, and is obtained pure from the difference in their specific gravity. In some instances, as, for exain