with unabating fury, and destroyed 400 galleys, besides a vast number of store-ships and transports. However, 800 ships of war, besides innumerable vessels of burden, sailed into the Pegasean bay and anchored in the road of Aphete, directly opposite to the harbour of Artemisium. The Grecians bad posted sentinels on the heights of Eubœa, to observe the consequences of the storm, and to watch the motions of the enemy. When informed of the disaster which had befallen them they poured out a joyful libation, and sacrificed, with pious gratitude, to Neptune the Deliverer.' The Persians, however, having recovered from the terrors of the storm, prepared for battle; and, as they entertained not the smallest doubt of conquering, they detached 200 of their best sailing vessels round the isle of Euboea, to intercept the expected flight of the enemy through the narrow Euripus. About sunset the Grecian fleet approached in a line, and the Persians met them with the confidence of victory, as their ships were still sufficiently numerous to surround those of their opponents. At their first signal the Greeks formed into a circle, at the second they began the fight. Though crowded into a narrow compass, and having the enemy on every side, they soon took thirty of their ships, and sunk many more. Night came on, accompanied with an impetuous storm of rain and thunder; the Greeks retired into the harbour of Artemisium; the enemy were driven to the coast of Thessaly. By good fortune however, rather than by design, the greatest part of the Persian fleet escaped immediate destruction, and gained the Pegasean bay; but the ships ordered to sail round Euboea met with a more dreadful disaster. They were overtaken by the storm, after they had ventured farther from the shore than was usual with the wary mariners of antiquity. Clouds soon intercepted the stars, by which alone they directed their course; and after continuing during the greatest part of the night the sport of the elements, they all perished miserably amidst he shoals and rocks of an unknown coast. The morning arose with different prospects and hopes to the Persians and Greeks. To the former it discovered the extent of their misfortunes; to the latter it brought a reinforcement of fiftythree Athenian ships. Encouraged by this favorable circumstance, they determined again to attack the enemy at the same hour as on the preceding day, because their knowledge of the coast, and their skill in fighting their ships, rendered the dusk peculiarly propitious to their designs. At the appointed time they sailed towards the road of Aphete; and having cut off the Cilician squadron from the rest, totally destroyed it, and returned at night to Artemisium. The Persian commanders being deeply affected with ther repeated disasters, but still more alarmed at the much dreaded resentment of their king, determined to make one vigorous effort for restoring the glory of their arms. By art ar 1 stratagem, and under favor of the night, the Creeks had hitherto gained many important advantages. It now belonged to the Persians to choose the time for action. On the third day, at noon, they sailed forth in the form of a crescent, still sufficiently extensive to infold the Grecian

line. The Greeks, animated by former success were averse to decline any offer of battle; yet it is probable that their admirals, and particularly Themistocles, would much rather have delayed it to a more favorable opportunity. Rage and resentment supplied the defect of the barbarians in skill and courage. The battle was longer, and more doubtful, than on any former occasion; many Grecian vessels were destroyed, five were taken by the Egyptians, who particularly signalised themselves on the side of the barbarians, as the Athenians did on that of the Greeks. The persevering valor of the latter at length prevailed, the enemy retiring, and acknowledging their superiority, by leaving them in possession of the dead and the wreck. But the victory cost them dear; since their vessels, particularly those of the Athenians, were reduced to a very shattered condition; and their great inferiority in the number and size of their ships made them feel more sensibly every diminution of strength.'

ARTEMISIUM, a town of Enotria, now called St. Agatha, in Calabria, on the river Pisaurus, or la Foglia, eight miles distant from the Tuscan sea.

ARTEMISIUM, an ancient town of Spain, on the sea-coast of Valencia, called also Dianium, and now Denia, possessed by the Contestani.

ARTEMON, a Syrian who resembled Antiochus, king of Syria, so exactly, that by the contrivance of his queen Laodice, he personated him after his death, and thus obtained the kingdom.

ARTEMON, the founder of the sect of Artemonites, a sect of Unitarians who flourished about the year 210.

ARTEMUS, a promontory of Valencia, called also Cabo St. Martin, and Punta del' Emperador. ARTENNA, in ornithology, the name of a water-bird, of the size of a hen, of a brownish color on the back, and white on the belly; having a crooked bill, and its three fore toes connected by a membrane, but the hinder one loose. It is found on the island Tremiti, in the Adriatic sea, and is supposed to be the avis Diomedis of the ancients.

ARTERIA ASPERA, ARTERIA BRONCHIALIS, &c. See ANATOMY, Index.

ARTERIA VENOSA, a name given by the ancients to the pulmonary vein, on the erroneous supposition of its being an air-vessel, and that it served for the conveyance of the vital aura from the lungs to the heart.

Arte

ARTERIACA, ARTERIACS. Medicines for disorders of the trachea, and the voice. riacs are reduced by Galen into three kinds: 1. Such as are void of acrimony, serving to mollify the asperities of the part; such as gum tragacanth, aster samias, starch, milk, &c. 2. Those of an acrimonious quality, whereby they stimulate even the sound parts; such as honey, turpentine, bitter almonds, iris root, &c. 3. Those of an intermediate kind, soft and mild, yet detergent; such as butter, and preparations of almonds, honey, &c.

ARTERIOSA VENA, or ARTERIAL VEIN, a denomination given to the pulmonary artery.

ARTERIOSUS CANALIS, a tube in the heart of the fœtus, which, with the foramen ovale, serves to maintain the circulation of the blood and to divert it from the lungs.

ARTERY, Aprηpia, spiritus semita, accordARTE RIAL. ing to Pliny and Cicero. The moderns have a more accurate knowledge of the human body than this bare and inadequate definition of the ancients affords. See ANATOMY for a complete view of the arteries.

Universal plodding prisons up The nimble spirits in the arteries.

Shakspeare. Love's Labour Lost. Had not the Maker wrought the springy frame; The blood, defrauded of its nitrous food, Had cool'd and languished in the arterial road.

Blackmore.

As this mixture of blood and chyle passeth through the arterial tube, it is pressed by two contrary forces; that of the heart driving it forward against the sides of the tube; and the elastic force of the air, pressing it on the opposite sides of those air-bladders, along the surface of which this arterial tube creeps.

Arbuthnot. ARTHEL, in law, something cast into a court, in Wales, or its marches, whereby the court is letted or discontinued for the time. The casting of arthel is prohibited, 26 Hen. VIII. cap. 6. ARTHINGTON (Henry), a fanatical gentleman of Yorkshire, who, towards the end of queen Elizabeth's reign, engaged in treasonable practices against the government, with Edward Coppinger a servant of the queen's, and one Hacket, whom, in their fanaticism they styled 'king of Europe! Supposing themselves to be inspired, Coppinger styled himself the 'prophet of mercy,' and Arthington the prophet of judgment!' Arthington accordingly wrote and published his prophecies, wherein were intermingled some severe reflections against the lords of the privy council, the judges, &c. They were at last all three apprehended in July, 1591; when Coppinger became quite deranged, and never recovered his senses. Hacket was tried, condemned, and executed; and Arthington hearing of this, wrote a submissive letter to the lords of council, which, after some time, procured him the queen's pardon. He died with the character of an honest but weak man.

ARTHRITICA, in botany, a name given by some to the primrose, and by others to the ground pine.

ARTHRITICAL, Ap0piric, pain or disease ARTHRITICK. which attacks the joints, from αρθρον, a joint. Frequent changes produce all the arthritick diseases. Arbuthnot. Serpents, worms, and leaches, though some want bones, and all extended articulations, yet have they arthritical analogies; and, by the motion of fibrous and musculous parts, are able to make progression.

Brown's Vulgar Errors.

Unhappy! whom to beds of pain Arthritic tyranny consigns; Whom smiling nature courts in vain, Though rapture sings and beauty shines. Johnson's Ode on Spring. ARTHRITIS; from apopov, a joint; any 1istemper that affects the joints, but the gout particularly.

ARTHRITIS PLANETICA, ARTHRITIS VAGA, the wandering gout, that gives pain sometimes in one limb, and sometimes in another.

ARTHRODIA, in anatomy, a species of articulation, wherein the flat head of one bone is

received into a shallow socket in the other. The humerus and scapula are joined by this species of articulation. See ANATOMY, Index.

ARTHRODIA, in natural history, a genus o. imperfect crystals, found always in complex masses, and forming long single pyramids, with very short and slender columns.

ARTHRODIA, in zoology, a class of animalculæ, containing those with visible limbs.

ARTHRON; ap0pov, Greek; a joint, or connection of bones proper for motion.

ARTHROSIS, in anatomy, a juncture of two lation. See ARTHRODIA. bones designed for motion; called also articu

ARTHUR, the celebrated hero of the Britons, is said to have been the son of Uter, named Pendragon, king of Britain, and to have been born in 501. His life is a continued scene of wonders. He killed 470 Saxons with his own hand in one day; and after having subdued many mighty nations, and instituted the order of the knights of the Round Table, died A. D. 542, of wounds which he received in battle. The most particular detail of his story and his exploits is that given by Geoffrey of Monmouth; but his history is so blended with the marvellous and the extravagant, that not only the truth of the whole, but even the reality of Arthur's existence, has been called in question. The ingenious Mr. Whitaker however believes in his institution of the celebrated order of the round table, as also that it was the origin of others of the like kind on the continent.

ARTHUR'S SEAT, a high hill in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, said to have been so denominated from a tradition that king Arthur surveyed the country from its summit, and had also defeated the Saxons in its neighbourhood. This hill rises by a steep and rugged ascent, till it terminates in a rocky point near 700 feet from the base, being more than double the height of the cross on the top of St. Paul's, London, which is 340 feet. On the south it is in many parts a perpendicular rock, composed of basaltic pillars, regularly pentagonal or hexagonal, about three feet in diameter, and from forty to fifty feet in height. Contiguous upon the west, and partly connected with it at the base, are Salisbury crags, of inferior height but exhibiting an appearance equally singular and grand. They present to the city an awful front of broken rocks and precipices, forming a sort of natural amphitheatre of solid rock; and backward from the craggy verge above, the hill forms an extensive irregular slope, the surface affording pasture to numerous flocks of sheep, The crags, beside ores, spars, rock-plants, and here and there it is said some precious stones, afford an inexhaustible supply of granite for paving the streets, &c. In quarrying a part of the crags has been worn down into a spacious shelf, having the appearance of a lofty terrace, and stretching a considerable length. From hence is a near and distinct prospect of the city with its environs and the adjacent country. But from the pinnacle called Arthur's Seat the view is more noble and extensive. The traveller may here sit and survey at his ease the centre of the kingdom, besides having a complete view of Edinburgh and its castle. on which he looks down as if seated among the

clouds. In a word, the German occan, the whole course of the Forth, the distant Grampians, and a large portion of the most populous and best cultivated part of Scotland, form a landscape sublime, various and beautiful. The denomination of this hill, derived as above, has been adduced as an argument against those who dispute the existence of the British Arthur. That derivation, however, though probable, is not without uncertainty. For Arthur's Seat is said to be derived, or rather corrupted, from A'rd Seir, a place or field of arrows,' where people shot at a mark: and this not improbably; for among these cliffs is a dell or recluse valley, where the wind can scarcely reach, now called the Hunter's bog, the bottom of it being a morass. The adjacent craggs are supposed to have taken their name from the earl of Salisbury, who, in the reign of Edward III. accompanied that prince in an expedition against the Scots; though, according to others, the genuine derivation, like that of Arthur's seat, is from a Celtic word also corrupted. ARTICHOKE, in botany. See CINARA. ARTICLE, v. & n. ARTICULATE, v. & adj. ARTICULATELY, ARTICULATION. ticulars, to make terms.

Lat. articulus, a diminutive of artus, a joint. To enter into, up or state

To articulate is to pronounce each portion of a sentence distinctly. PROSPERO, Hast thou, spirit, Performed to point the tempest that I had thee. ARIEL. To every article. Shakspeare. Tempest. Henry's instructions were extreme curious and articulate, and in them more articles touching inquisition, than negotiation; requiring an answer in distinct articles to his questions.

Bacon.

In speaking under water, when the voice is reduced to an extreme exility, yet the articulate sounds, the words, are not confounded. Id.

To beasts;

The first, at least, of these I thought deny'd whom God, on their creation day, Created mute to all articulate sound. Milton. Antiquity expressed numbers by the fingers on either hand. On the left they accounted their digits and articulate numbers unto an hundred; on the right Brown's Vulgar Errors. If it be said, God chose the successor, that is manifestly not so in the story of Jephtha, where he articled with the people, and they made him judge over them. Locke, By articulation I mean a peculiar motion and figure of some parts belonging to the mouth, between the throat and lips. Holder. All the precepts, promises, and threatenings of the gospel, will rise up in judgment against us; and the articles of our faith will be so many articles of accusation; and the great weight of our charge will be this, That we did not obey the gospel, which we professed to believe; that we made confession of the Christian

hand, hundreds and thousands.

faith, but lived like Heathens.

of life.

Tillotson.

You have small reason to repine upon that article The dogmatist knows not by what art he directs his Swift. tongue, in articulating sounds into voices. Glanville.

In the mean time they have ordered the preliminary treaty to be published, with observations on each article, in order to quiet the minds of his people.

Steele. ARTICLE, in grammar, is a particle used in most languages for the declining of nouns, and denoting their several cases and genders. The

use of them chiefly arises in languages that have no different terminations to express the different circumstances of nouns. The Latins have no articles; but the Greeks, and most of the modern languages, have had recourse to them for fixing and ascertaining the vague signification of common and appellative names. Many have been the controversies among grammarians upon the use and meaning of these words. Mr. Harris, whose knowledge was derived from the Greek language and Greek grammarians, and whose principles are contradicted by the slightest acquaintance with the Teutonic and Arabic, leads us through many a maze; and we might have wandered till this moment, if Mr. Tooke, in his observations on the word that, in his Epea Pteroenta, had not pointed out to us the open and straight road upon this subject. In the English language we call the words a and the articles; the Germans have ein and der; the French un and le; the Greeks ; the Hebrews: but the unfortunate Latins are said to be without these joints and pegs in speech. But if one language is without them, they are, it is evident, not essential to language; and it will be found difficult to make such a definition as shall exclude a variety of words, such

is,

division. In the languages above-mentioned the precise meaning of the words the, der, le, ò, and

, cannot at first sight be ascertained. The English word a points obscurely to its meaning, but the German ein and the French un clear the road for investigation. They are to be found continually applied to substantives, and mean

one.

If a thing is generally reported, we say in English, they say,' meaning a great number say so and so in French it is on dit, or unus dicit, 'one person says so,' meaning more than one person by an ellipsis very common in that language: : in German it is man sagt, by man, meaning man in general. We have thus found, that word of number. Probably it may be so in in two languages one of the articles is merely a English; a may mean one, or it is an abbreviation of any. By trying the two senses it is evident that any cannot be applied in the room of a, but that one always can: and hence we might conclude that a and an are only other words for one, and answer to the German ein.

The article the, as it is called, may not discover itself so easily. Yet let us try the same analogy, for the etymology of it is not ascertained. The answers to der of the Germans, and le of the French: but what is le? the ille of the Latins; and hence we may reasonably presume that our word the is no more an article than ille, and in fact that it comes from some adjective of the same signification. Let us try by etymology. In German we have der, die, das; which was anciently ther, thia (thio thiu) thaz, much like our the. In the Anglo-Saxon we find and in the plural thie (thier). This looks very sa, seo, that: in Islandic, sa, su, that: in Gothic, sa, so, thata: in Hebrew, 1, 11, etymolologists perhaps will not be displeased at our making the words and the proceed from the same original; and we shall not be afraid of exposing ourselves to the laughter of critics, if we refer the Doric Tvoc to the same stock. If we