parliament the day before they voted the return of King Charles II. Upon the Restoration he was appointed one of the king's chaplains in ordinary. He assisted at the conference in the Savoy, as one of the commissioners for the settlement of religion, and drew up a reformed liturgy. About this time he was offered the bishopric of Hereford, which he refused; and desired only to resume his charge at Kidderminster. He was not, however, permitted to preach there above twice or thrice after the Restoration. On this he returned to London, and preached occasionally about the city, till the act of uniformity took place. In 1662 he married Margaret, daughter of Francis Charleton, Esq. of Salop, a justice of the peace. She was a woman of great piety, and entered fully into her husband's views concerning religion. During the plague in 1665, he retired into Buckinghamshire; but afterward returned to Acton, where he staid till the act against conventicles expired; and then his audience was so large that he wanted room. Soon after we find him imprisoned, but procuring an habeas corpus, he was discharged. After the indulgence in 1672 he returned to London; and in 1682 he was once more incarcerated and put to great expense. In 1684 he was again apprehended, and at the commencement of the reign of James II. was tried before justice Jefferies, for his Paraphrase on the New Testament; which was called a scandalous and seditious book against the government. He continued in prison two years; from whence he was discharged, and had his fine remitted by the king. lle died in 1691; and was buried in Christ Church. One of his biographers says, rather boldly, of Richard Baxter, he could say what he would, and he could prove what he said.' He was honored, however, with the friendship of the earl of Lauderdale, the earl of Balcarras, L. Chief Justice Hales, Drs. Tillotson, Barrow, &c. and held correspondence with the most eminent foreigu divines. He himself wrote above 120 books, and had above sixty written against him. Barrow says, that his practical writings were never mended, and his controversial seldom confuted.' Granger declares that he was a man famous for weakness of body and strength of mind; for having the strongest sense of religion himself, and exciting a sense of it in the thoughtless and profligate; for preaching more sermons, engaging in more controversies, and writing more books, than any other nonconformist of his age. He spoke, disputed, and wrote with ease; and discovered the same intrepidity when he reproved Cromwell and expostulated with Charles II. as when he preached to a congregation of mechanics. His portrait, in full proportion, is drawn in his Narrative of his own Life and Times; which though a rhapsody, composed in the manner of a diary, contains a great variety of memorable things, and is itself, as far as it goes, a History of Nonconformity. His most famous works were, 1. The Saint's Everlasting Rest. 2. Call to the Unconverted, of which 20,000 have been sold in one year; and which has been translated into all the European languages. 3. Poor Man's Family Book. 4. Dying Thoughts; and the above-mentioned Paraphrase. His prac tical works have been printed in four volumes folio. See BAXTERIANS. BAXTERIANS, in ecclesiastical history, those who adopt the doctrinal sentiments of Richard Baxter. The opinions maintained by this excel lent man were conciliatory, and have, since his time been embraced by many moderate and candid men, of different sects and parties. Baxter's system was formed not to inflame the passions and widen the breaches, but to heal those wounds of the church under which she had long languished. Some controversialists, however, were much displeased with Baxter's attempt; and we have heard of a piece in which supposed inconsistencies in his doctrines are set in a kind of battle-array against each other;—it is entitled Richard against Baxter. The Baxterian strikes into a middle path, between Arminianism and Calvinism, and thus endeavours to unite both schemes. With the Calvinist, he professes to believe that a certain number, determined upon in the divine councils, will be infallibly saved; and with the Arminian, he joins in rejecting the doctrine of reprobation as absurd and impious; admits that Christ, in a certain sense, died for all, and supposes that such a portion of grace is allotted to every man as renders it his own fault if he doth not attain to eternal life. BAY, The name of the tree which is BAYS. translated laurel, and of which honorary garlands were anciently made. Fr. baye, a berry, Lat. bacca. To wear the bays, is, in poetical language, to be pre-eminent in excellence. The honorary crown or garland, which was bestowed as a prize for literary or military, or indeed any other species of merit, bearing this name. 1 have seen the wicked in great power, and spreading himself like a green bay-tree. Bible. See where she sits upon the grassic greene, And ermines white: Spenser. Shepheard's Calendar I can but laugh at both, Spenser. That strive and storme with stirre outrageous, See how the stubborn damsell doth deprave My simple meaning with disdaynfull scorn; And by the bay which I unto her gave; Accompts myself her captive quite forlorne. The bay quoth she, is of the victors born, So up they rose, while all the shepherd-throng Upon his charmed branches. Id. Faith. Shepherdess. in whom the muses meete, Till critics blame, and judges praise, F. Beaumont. Bid the warbling nine retire; And lose the nymph to gain the bays. The polish'd pillar diff'rent sculptures grace, Swift. Id. Prior. Pope. tenacity with which the branch adheres to the a dark bay, according as it is less or more deep. All bay horses are commonly called brown by the common people. Bayard is another name for a horse of this complexion. It was likewise the appellation of a noted blind horse in the old romances; whence, perhaps, the proverbial expression as bold as blind Bayard.' Rinaldo's horse, in Ariosto, is called Baiardo. There is an allusion to the proverb just cited, in the old play entitled Match at Midnight, Do you hear, Sir Bartholomew Bayard? But leap before you look.' Perhaps, says Nares, the whole proverb might be as bold as blind Beyard, that leaps before he looks,' in allusion to another proverb, look before you leap.' Byard occurs in R. Brunne, and bay in Chaucer. 6 Upon a stede bay, trapped in steele. But as baiarde the blind stede Chaucer. Gower. Conf. Ann, I marvel not so much at blind Bayards, which neuer take God's book in hand. Bernard Gilpin's Sermons. Who is more bold than the bayard blind? Mirror for Magistrates. BAY, v. & n. From the Fr. abboi, which signifies the last extremity. Its primary sense is the barking of a dog at hand, and relates to the condition of a stag, when the hounds are almost upon him. It does not refer to the assailant, but to his selected victim, and in the moment of his utmost peril. It is figuratively employed to describe the state of any thing surrounded by enemies. It is sometimes applied to the simple barking of a dog at any object. In Spenser it is used in the sense of parley, before surrendering. So well he woo'd her, and so well he wrought her, Spenser Like dastard curres that, having at a bay And this, indeed, O world, the heart of thee Id. Shakspeare. What, shall one of us, That struck the foremost man of all this world, But for supporting robbers; shall we now We are at the stake, And bay'd about with many enemies. I was with Hercules and Cadmus once, When in the wood of Crete they bay'd the boar With hounds of Sparta. If he should do so, bow-window has now effectually supplanted it, Id. in practice, and implies a semi-circular sweep, like a bow. Mr. Tyrwhitt, in his Glossary to Chaucer, thus explains it :-' a large window, Id. probably so called because it occupied a whole bay, i. e. the space between two cross-beams.' We have the authority of an old dictionary for asserting that a bay-window meant also a balcony. He leaves his back unarm'd, the French and Welsh Baying him at the heels. Id. This ship, for fifteen hours, sate like a stag among hounds at the bay, and was sieged and fought with, in turn, by fifteen great ships. Bacon's War with Spain. Fair liberty, pursued and meant a prey To lawless power, here turn'd, and stood at bay. Denham. The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bay'd; The hunter close pursued the visionary maid; She rent the heav'n with loud laments, imploring aid. Id. Fables. Joyful he knew the lamp's domestic flame That trembled thro' the window; cross the way Darts forth the barking cur and stands at bay. Gay. Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's closo, Up yonder hill the village murmur rose; There as I pass'd with careless steps and slow, The mingling notes came soften'd from below; The swain responsive as the milkmaid sung, The sober herd that low'd to meet their young; The noisy geese that gabbled o'er the pool, The playful children just let loose from school; The watch-dog's voice that bay'd the whisp'ring wind, And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind; These all in sweet confusion sought the shade, And fill'd each pause the nightingale had made. Goldsmith's Deserted Village. But the hound bayeth loudly, The boar's in the wood, And the falcon longs proudly To spring from her hood. BAY. To bathe. He feedes upon the cooling shade, and bayes His sweatie forchead in the breathing wind. And there, beside, within a bay-window, Stood one in green, ful large of head and length, And beard as black as feathers of the crow. There stands in sight an isle, hight Tenedon, Rich, and of fame, while Priam's kingdom stood; Now but a bay, and rode unshure for ship. Surrey. Like as a ship that through the ocean wyde Directs her course unto one certaine coast Yet making many a borde and many a bay, A reverend Syracusan merchan., Who put unluckily into this bay. Shakspeare. fairest house in it after threepence a bay. If this law hold in Vienna ten years, I'll rent the Id. The assembly, as when hollow rocks retain Spenser. Faerie Queene. BAY, from the old Saxon bugan, bygan, to bow or bend; it is applied to the curvings of a shore; to recesses in barns, buildings, or windows, so say Skinner and Minshew; Nares thus de fines it: a principal division in a building; probably, as Dr. Johnson conjectured, a great square, in the framework of the roof, whence, barn of three bays, is a barn twice crossed by beams; in large buildings having the Gothic framework to support the roof, like Westminster Hall, the bays are the spaces between the supporters; houses were estimated by the number of bays; as a term among builders, it also signified every space left in the wall, whether for door, window, or chimney. See Chambers's Dictionary and Kersy. Milton The bay of St. Nicholas, where they first put in, lieth in sixty-four degrees, called so from the abbey there, built of wood, wherein are twenty monks, unlearned, as then they found them, and great drunkards: their church is fair, full of images and tapers. There are besides but six houses, whereof one built by the English. In the bay, over against the abbey, is Rose Island, full of damask and red roses, violets, Milton's History of Muscovia. and wild roses. Here in a royal bed the waters sleep, When tir'd at sea, within this bay they creep. Dryden. Some of you have bay. Id. Blake having heard that a Spanish fleet of sixteen Coles, in his Latin Dictionary, makes a bay a ships, much richer than the former, had taken shelter space of a definite size; a bay of building, mensura vigintiquatuor pedum,' i. e. the measure of twenty-four feet. BAY-WINDOW, from bay, supra; not according to Minshew, from its resemblance to a bay on a coast, or round, for it was usually square; in the Canaries, immediately made sail towards them. He found them in the bay of Santa Cruz, disposed in a formidable posture. The bay was secured with a strong castle, well provided with cannon, besides seven forts in several parts of it, all united by a line of communication, manned with musqueteers. Hume's History of England. |