points of the compass, and the principal geographical terms.. The succeeding eight sections may be briefly described in the Author's own words.

In the third section, the principles of the orthographic, the stereographic, and the globuiar projections of the sphere, are fully demonstrated; and the last of these is investigated in a manner entirely new, to prove its superiority and admirable fitness in the construction of maps.

In the fourth section, theory descends to practice; and as certain combinations are proposed to be effected, the projections are handled in the form of problems; by this means they are reduced to much greater simplicity than the prolixity of pursuing the subject in numerous subdivisions would have allowed.

MERCATOR'S Projection might have been blended with the former; but it was more analogous to the plan of the work to assign a separate section to the principles and practical methods of so ingenious an invention.

The origin and properties of the rhumb line, with its usefulness in navigation, occupying the sixth section, are treated as concisely as the nature of the subject would admit.

"The meridioral, equatorial, and horizontal construction of Maps, in the seventh section, are singularly beautiful, and highly interesting, the subordinate parts of the problems having been enriched with valuable elucidations.

The principles of developing a spheric surface on a plane, are investigated in the eighth section; and the application of the development of the conic surface in the construction of maps, possesses the rare qualities of simplicity and elegance, with a nice approximation to truth.

The ninth section is of a miscellaneous nature, unfolding numerous projections of particular maps. These constructions are presented in a popular form, and include whatever appeared of essential consequence in modern practice.

Having treated so fully of the orthographic projection of the sphere, it seemed necessary to shew its extensive application in the construction and use of the Analemma an instrument that will solve many of the common astronomical problems-and the tenth section has been allotted to these subjects.'

To these sections the Author has subjoined some valuable notes, together with an Appendix, containing, 1st. Some methods of drawing large circles and ellipses, by means of cyclographs, ellipsographs, &c. 2dly. Directions for colouring maps. 3dly. A catalogue of the best maps. And, 4thly, General rules and observations for judging of the accuracy of ditferent maps.

Without indulging in any pedantic exhibitions, Mr. Jamieson evinces, throughout the work, an extensive and correct acquaintance with the best writers on mathematical geography, as Emerson, Martin, Murdoch, Vince, Lacroix, &c. And in

a few instances he has drawn information from sources to which not many can have access. His diagrams are ingeniously devised, and, for the most part, neatly executed. A treatise on the construction of maps, originating in such views, and executed with such care, as this, of Mr. Jamieson, cannot fail of being useful, and, we should conjecture, of being successful.

We have been so much pleased with this Treatise, that we would suggest to the ingenious Author another undertaking, for which he seems to possess the appropriate turn of mind: we mean a treatise on Geography, analogous to that of Varenius in the scientific development of principles, but suited to the present state of astronomical, chemical, statistical, and cosmographical knowledge.

Art. VII. The Art of evading a Charitable Subscription.
Nabal, Jun. 8vo. pp. 26. price 1s. Hatchard. 1815.

་

By

A VERY necessary art, most assuredly, it is, in these hard times, in which the expenses of character' have kept pace with the advanced price of other luxuries. Not only have the objects of charity multiplied to so great an extent of late, that every ward of this vast Lazar-house, the world, seems to have its separate committee of management, and its separate establishment of advocates, solicitors, and collectors ;--not only has invention been taxed to discover some new form in which benevolence may exert itself upon the wretched;-but, what is worse, the peculiar circumstances of the times have made the readiness to distribute, the willingness to communicate, and such outward signs of inward zeal, as essential to reputation in certain circles, as decent regularity and sober orthodoxy used to be. The difficulty which the Author of this pamphlet is benevolently desirous of obviating, has at length become very formidable;-that of sparing one's money and saving one's character.'

6

Every one,' he justly remarks, may easily recollect occasions on which he has been asked to subscribe to a charitable institution, when he neither wished to give his money, nor knew how to refuse it.' Compassion for such as have not sufficient ingenuity, to extricate themselves with credit from bearing part in a charitable subscription, induces me to offer my assistance against the common enemy, and to suggest such expedients as will be found useful on all ordinary occasions, and such principles as are suitable for general application.' p. 1.

The motto on the Title page is very happy.

• Shall I take my bread, and my water, and my flesh, and give it unto men whom I know not whence they be?"

The eight sections into which the pamphlet is subdivided, comprise--Observations on Subscriptions in general--Charitable Institutions, where you may set one in competition with another'-Such Societies as admit of objections to their peculiar constitution-Such as admit of objections to their object-Private Charities; Subscription Plates, &c.-Books published by Subscription-Collection Sermons-and Charity begins at home!'

The following may suffice as an extract: but we beg earnestly to recommend to our readers the perusal of the whole of the pamphlet.

'No terms must be kept with the Bible Society, by the persons for whose benefit I write, because it every day meets you with some new solicitation, at one time in the humble form of a Bible Association at a penny a week, at another under the imposing idea of Vice president to an Auxiliary Society, and a donation of ten guineas. It may be too much to expect you will read all the pamphlets written against this institution, or qualify yourself to retail the arguments or objections of its Rev. or Right Rev. opponents; but you may at least acquaint yourself with the titles of the Statements, Appeals, Cautions, &c. and you can then ask, "Pray have you seen Dr. Marsh's Inquiry? (or his last pamphlet on the subject, whatever it may be.) Have you met with Dr. Maltby's Thoughts, or Mr. Norris's Exposi tion?" Or, "Did you read the Bishop of Chester's Charge?" Of course you are to know nothing of any of the answers to these publications, because "they were so convincing that any attempt to refute them must be fruitless." In the same way the African Institution may be attacked by the friends of the slave-trade; or the Indian Missionary Societies silenced by an appeal to Scott Waring, or to a host of pamphleteers or speech-makers on that subject.

To enlarge further would be useless; but before I close this section I wish to repeat what was already hinted at, viz. "that general charities are to be objected to as too extensive, and limited institutions are always to be called too confined."' pp. 15, 16.

But, after all, the difficulty of evading charitable subscriptions, is not the only one which our friend Nabal's directions may be advantageous in enabling us to meet. There are many who feel no hesitation in giving their guinea, or even their ten guineas, on such occasions, in the same way as they pay the poor's rate, and the war taxes, as the price of exemption from suffering or exertion. It is a part of their current trade-expenses. But when the demand is unreasonably extended to their time, their thoughts, their actual services, how is the application to be most creditably evaded? The plea of want of time' has, like the phrase 'not at home,' come to be so generally understood as a polite fiction conveying a denial, that it can hardly be considered as an evasion; especially since those who have no time

to spare, are known, not unfrequently, to have time to waste; while those whose time is completely occupied, are the only persons that can be found to make time for the purpose of attending to a new object. A better resource is, to consent to the application, and suffer your name to be enrolled on the Committee. You are not under the slightest obligation to give yourself further trouble, as you will find yourself well supported in your non-attendance: and you may decently retire at the end of the year from your arduous services, without danger of re-election. Your credit will be still better secured, if by nominally belonging to several societies, you can make your supposed attention to the one, a plea for not devoting your time to the other while those of your friends who are objectors to the particular Institution, will accept your non-efficiency, in extenuation of your having been seduced to lend your name.' Ill health, or absence from town, will completely save your credit at the General Meeting.

:

For other expedients we refer our readers to our friend Nabal, who has, however, by no means developed the whole of the Art' he professes to teach. The following hints may serve as an appendix to his pamphlet.

1. When you are applied to, to subscribe to a charitable object, by some friend or neighbour whom you would not wish to disoblige, do not hesitate to give your guinea. It will be received as an annual subscription; but when the year brings round the collector, it may become a donation.

2. Or you need not feel duly certified of the identity or authority of the Collector.

3. Or you may feel assured that you have paid the identical subscription only three months before, though you have mislaid the receipt.

4. Or you may consider of it.'

In each of these cases, although they may at first sight, appear to expose you to future inconvenience, you need entertain but little apprehension of being misunderstood.

One plea, however, we would not recommend to those individuals whose object is a creditable evasion: we mean, that of a plain avowal, that they approve of the object, but that the limits which prudence imposes upon liberality, do not allow of their contributing. Either the importunate claimant will not take your word; or he will urge, with polite assurance, the extension of your benevolence to just that one object;will humbly plead for an exception in favour of that particular charity; or otherwise your denial will be received by those who have probably more zeal than prudence as a confession of actual poverty. The truth will sound too much like evasion to gain you any credit.

Art VIII. Remarks upon the systematical Classification of Manuscripts. adopted by Griesbach in his Edition of the Greek Testament. By Richard Laurence, LL.D. pp. 135. Parker, Oxford; Rivingtons, London. 1814.

(Concluded from our last.)

AS the whole structure of Griesbach's system rests on the assumed Alexandrine text, supposed to exist in the readings of Origen, their character is of the first importance in this critical question. If the Autograph of his writings were preserved, or if an uncorrupted manuscript containing them, and written at a very early date, were accessible, there might be some degree of plausibility in assuming them as an exemplar of the Alexandrine text. But as Origen might use a copy of the Scriptures, varying from the copies in general use at Alexandria, his quotations, had we them in a pure state, might present another text. 'It is not impossible,' says Dr. Marsh, that as Origen spent some time at Rome, he made use of the established version of a church which at all times maintained the highest authority.' In his notions of an established version in the third century, we probably might not agree with the learned commentator on Michaelis, but the possible derivation of Origen's readings from a Western source we do not dispute. That they are the legitimate basis of a text different from the Western, and superior to it, is a conclusion that the premises from which it is deduced are too precarious to support. Before the text of Origen be applied as the test of the character of manuscripts, it should first be purified and restored to its original state. Till this work be accomplished, we cannot regard the agreements of the Codex Alexandrinus with the readings of Origen as decisive evidence of their exhibiting the same primitive recension, while their discordances are so numerous. Of the latter a large majority are excluded by Griesbach from his comparisons, because he did not consider them as characteristic ; but if the object be to determine the genuine readings of Origen, may not the omitted discrepancies be equally characteristic with the admitted agreements. The complexion of Origen's text, and the nature of its relations, will best be understood from the following table which includes the readings of the Alexandrine. MS. and Origen, compared with the received text in the first chapter of the Epistle to the Romans.