fore of Jupiter, pious and generous as it was, did rather in creafe than difpel his jealoufy. His furprize to find himse over-reached by his wife, and to fee his fon, whom he di not dream of, not only grown into years, but of courage an ftrength fufficient to overcome his enemies, made him fea left he should in time deprive him with the fame facility of h kingdom and life. Lactantius adds, upon the authority Evemerus, that he went to confult the oracle and his diviners who bid hin beware of his fon Jupiter, who would be likely in time to dethrone him. Upon this warning he loft no time Defeated to try to put it out of his power. He entered into Crete by him. with an army, for his fon was again retired thither after he had atchieved his deliverance; but he foon found that the Cretans were all in his fon's intereft, and that he was more likely to be intrapped than obeyed by them. This obliged him to return into that part of Greece fince called Peloponnefus, whither Jupiter, enraged at his cruel design against him, followed him with an army, and forced him to retire into Italy. Janus was then king of the Aborigines, who, as we observed to Italy. before, may either have been of Celtic extraction, or upon fome other account friends to the Titans (O). However, that good old king gave him a kind reception, and as fome affirm, admitted Retires in It was also called by way of ex- The ftory of Saturn's cruelty in facrificing fo many of his children to his jealoufy, may alfo have given birth to what the poets have related of his devouring of them, as Jupiter's depriving him at length of his kingdom, may have given occafion to the reproach of his hav ing caftrated him. (O) We have already taken notice that the Umbrians are affirmed by ancient hiftorians both to have been the oldest people in Italy, and to have been the defcendants of the Celtes +; and it is hardly to be supposed that Saturn would have trufted himfelf, in his defperate circumftances, to any but a friendly nation; but whether these were the fame with the Abrogines, or another colony incorporated with them in procefs of time, we will not decide. The reception At the beginning of this chapter. admitted him into a kind of partnership with him in his kingdom; fo that the region where Saturn reigned, and which is adjoining to the Tyber, was fince called Saturnia from him. How long he lived there, and what became of him, is impoffible to guess, except that his tomb being fhewed in Sicily, may induce one to fuppofe that he went and ended his days in that Ifland. Jupiter, or, as he was rightly called Jou (P), because he was the youngest fon of Saturn's children; did not however 2 TERTUL Apolog. ubi fup. ALEXA-N D. Admonit. ad Gent. which he met with from Janus fcarce leaves room to doubt, of their being allied either by blood, or by fome other tie. Some critics have found fault with Julius Firmicus, for having affirmed (21), that this fugitive prince was concealed by the Spartans in Italy. Pezron has taken fome pains to prove that they were really in Italy before that time, and incorporated with other nations of that province; and that the Sabines were defcended from them, and they from the Celtes or Gomerians. But if this fhould not feem altogether fo plain, as it is impoffible to grope into those dark and remote ages with any tolerable fatisfaction, the words of Firmicus in Italia a Spartis abfconditur, if there has no error crept into them, may be understood proleptically. The nation that received Saturn, whatever they were, might in time, if not by Jupiter himself, be drove out of Italy, and go and fettle in Sparta, or upon fome other account be thenceforth called Spartans. At least the author above-named has made it very probable, that (21) Lib. de Error profan, relig, . a PHILOCOR. ap. CLEM. they originally came from Italy; though it doth not appear that they were ever known by that name there. (P) The irregular inflexion of his name into Jovis, &c. fhews it plainly. It is therefore abfurd to derive it, as Cicero doth, upon the authority of Varro, from Juvans Pater, which the inflexion will not admit of; when the Celtic Jou, or as we pronounced it Joo, which fignifies young, is in all refpects fo much nearer to it; and Jupiter feems plainly to be the fame with Jou-pater, which laft was added to his former name of Jou, when he came to be worhiped as the greatest of the gods. Accordingly we find that the antient Latins did not write his name Jupiter, but Jaopiter, Joupiter, and Japiter. But the Celtic has ftill preserved his ancient name of Jou, and call Thursday, or, the Dies Jovis of the Romans, Diz-jou, and Di-jou, the day of Jove (22). We fhall have occafion by-and-by to speak of fome of his other names. (22) Via, Peron, cb, xü, enjoy Jupiter enjoy his kingdom peaceably. His uncle Titan, or perhap wars with one of his fons, having probably found means to ftrengther the Titans. his party, whilft he was taken up againft his father, raised war against him, which continued full ten years, and wa carried on with the utmost fury on both fides, both by fea and land, and did not end but with the total overthrow of Ti tan and his army. THIS war feems to be the trueft original of the fabulous war of the Giants or Titans against the gods, which the Totally poets have fo interwoven with their inventions, that it is verthrows fcarcely poffible to difcover it through them (Q). This final overthrow was given them near the antient city of Tartefa them. (Q) We have deferred till now to obferve how much this fyftem of history, for we dare not venture to give it a ftronger name, doth clash with that of our learned Cumberland, who, as we have fully fhewn in the beginning of this hiftory*, makes his Sanchoniatho's Uranus to have been Noah, Cronus Ham, Mizor Mizram, Zadic Melchizedick, and so on; that our readers might fee which of the two carries the greatest probability. They are both built upon conjectures, and both fupported by fome collateral kind of proofs, and upon a fuppofition, that this fragment we have left is the relick of a fuller hiftory, and that its author is not a fictitious, but a real, antient, and credible We fhall not repeat what we have faid elsewhere on this laft head +, nor pretend to draw a parallel between these two fyftems, or their learned authors. Thus much, however, we hope we may fay without partiality, concerning that of our Celtic antiquary, that it not only gives a great light to the dark and fabulous times, but that it is corroborated by a much greater one. Vid. fup. Vol. 1. p. 303. & feq. number of ancient authors, heathens as well as chriftians, But the latter, especially the apologifts, feem plainly enough to have been generally of the fame mind with him, and have made no difficulty to urge this genealogy of heathen deities abovementioned, against their ftupid worshippers. How far all this is further corroborated by numberless Celtic etymons, the greatelt part of which are both eafy and natural, and confirmed by historical facts, must be fubmitted to the reader's judgment. Of this number we beg leave to remind him of what has been faid concerning the names of Uranus and Titea, Cronus or Saturn, and Rhea, Jou or Jupiter, Theutat, and others, befides a greater number which we have omitted, but which may be feen in our author, and fome few which we fhall have occafion to mention in the fequel; all which put together, will, if not convince him, yet, at leaft, juftify our giving it a place in this hiftory, as we have that of our learned bishop in a former volume. Ibid. p. 317. et feq, et A b in Spain, a fea-port town a little to the north of Cadiz (R). whither it feems he went in perfon with a great fleet, and a powerful army, and having brought over fome of their confederates to his fide, and gained this fignal victory, he reigned very peaceably to the end of his life. Jupiter after the example of his predeceffors married his Marries own fifter Juno (S). But as he was feldom without fome a- his sister morous intrigues with other women, by whom he had a nu- Juno. merous iffue, he was forced to bear with many rubs and mortifications from his jealous and revengeful queen. On the bTERTUL. Apolog. Scholiaft. in Iliad. viii. ad verf. 479. ap. Pezron. C. II. (R) This feems alfo confirmed by what Justin (23) adds, that the Curetes lived formerly in the forefts about that city. Some of his commentators indeed have affirmed, after Vous, that it ought to be read Cinetes, because the Curetes were a people of Crete. We have already fhewn that the latter were the priests or foothfayers of the Titans and Celtes, and accompanied them in their wars. What wonder then that fome of them who had followed Jupiter in this expedition, and delighted otherwife in a kind of afcetic life, fhould be induced to make thofe forefts their abode? But we shall have occafion by-and-by to fay fomething further concerning them, which may convince one of the probability of there being men of that name and profeffion in thofe parts of Spain. (S) This name is not unlikely to be of Celtic extraction, and to be derived from Ghuin, which fignifies fair white, and, by way of excellence, beautiful, fuch as Juno is faid to have been to a great degree. Hence perhaps it is, that the antient Gloffaries call her alfo Jolinta, a jolly or fine woman. Thus Jupiter had fome other names among the Greeks, which feem to flow from the fame fountain, as Zeus, from which they irregularly made their Aos dis dia, &c. in the oblique cafes. Now the Zeus, from which the Latins måde Deus, feems more plainly derived from the Celtic Dhew, God, and the Dis and Dia from Di, bright. He was likewife firnamed Пazos and Piccus, from the bird of that name, which Pliny tells us was then much used in auguries (24), which bird feems to be fo called from his being continually pecking of walls and trees, and is known among us by the name of Woodpecker. Pliny indeed pretends that he was called Picus, from a king of Latium of that name; but it seems more probable, that both he, and many other princes, were like Jupiter, fo furnamed from the bird, from which they received their auguries; for the Celtic word peck or beak fignifies a bird's bill; and hence it is likely our verb to peck is derived. (23) lib. xliv. c. 4. (24) Pliny's Nat. Hift, 1.x. c. I. VOL. VI. D other dom. other hand he did not follow his pleasures fo clofe, but he allowed himself proper seasons for the administration of juftice throughout the many provinces of his kingdom, in rooting out robbers, and Banditti who fheltered themselves in the forefts of Theffaly, Macedonia, and Illyria, where they committed the vileft outrages. But as he had made Mount Olympus, (T) one of the most delightful parts of Theffaly, his chief refidence, he was under a kind of neceffity to rid those countries of fuch vermin, that his fubjects might have the freer accefs to his court. Divifion BEFORE his death he is affirmed by the last quoted father, of his king- as a known truth, to have divided his kingdom, and to have given the western or European part of it, to his uncle Dis or Pluto, furnamed alfo Agefilaus (U), whilst himself kept the Afiatic or eastern part of it. We obferved alfo before, that he gave fome part of Africa to his nephew Atlas, but having afterwards either conceived fome jealousy of him, or detected him in fome criminal defign against him, he is reported to have caufed him to be put to death. EVEMER. ap. LACTANT. inftitut. lib. i. c. 10. (T) Hence Julius Firomicus lately quoted, obferves, that after his apotheofis, the place of his refidence came to be called by his fuperftitious worshippers heaven, or to be fynonymous to it (25), (U) This laft name, which fignifies a leader of the people, or Agefander, as it is found in other writers (26) and fignifies a leader of men, might be given him on account of his leading his nephew's colonies into Europe, and perhaps as far as Spain, where we obferved a little above, there had been both Titans and Curetes in the neigh bourhood of the ancient city of Tartefa. Here likewife he is fuppofed to have found out fome rich mines of gold and filver (27), by which he grew fo rich, that he got the name of Pluto, in Greek lov, which (25) Vid. Pezron. c. xii. ibid. d Id. ibid. fignifies rich, and was afterwards made the god of riches, upon his being deified; and this probably induced Strabo to believe, that the Tartara of the Greeks and Latins, came from the above-named Tartefa, a country fituate in the utmost parts of Spain westward (28). Hence likewife, Jupiter having the dominion of the eaft, or fun-rifing, as Pluto had that of the weft or fun-fetting, came alfo probably the fable of the former being the lord of heaven, and the latter of the infernal regions. Perhaps, likewife might the mythologists of thofe fables think it very reafonable to affign the government of riches, and of the infernal regions to the fame deity, to put men in mind that the former were the ready road to the latter. (26) Efcbil. Callimach. Athen. Hefich. ap. Pezron: (28) Ibid. (27) Vid. Strab, Geograp. 1. v. |