NOTE ON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE FOOTNOTES POLYB.-I cite Polybius according to the arrangement in the edition of F. Hultsch (Berlin). JOSEPH.-The sections in citations from Josephus are those which appear in the editions of Niese (Berlin) and of Naber (Teubner, Leipzig). PLIN. The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder is cited by the sections in the edition of D. Detlefsen (Berlin). Eus.-Eusebi Chronicorum Libri Duo, A. Schoene (Berlin). Vol. i. contains a Latin version of the Armenian translation of the lost work of Eusebius. ISIDOR The та0μoi Пapliкo of Isidore of Charax (Müller's Geographi Graeci Minores, vol. i. p. 244 f.). MALALAS, SYNCELL.-The Chronographia of John Malalas and that of F.H.G.-Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (Didot, Paris). Bull. corr. hell.-Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Ath. Mitth. - Mittheilungen des kaiserlichen deutschen archäologischen Instituts zu Athen. DROYSEN.-J. G. Droysen, Histoire de l'Héllénisme, traduite de l'allemand sous la direction de A. Bouché-Leclercq. [I quote from the French translation, because it represents this work in its completest form.] NIESE. Benedictus Niese, Geschichte der griechischen und makedonischen Staaten seit der Schlacht bei Chäronea. SCHÜRER.-Emil Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi. The pages in vols. ii. and iii. are those of the last edition (the third) of 1898, in vol. i. of the edition of 1901. MICHEL-Charles Michel, Recueil d'Inscriptions Grecques (Paris, 1900). I cite from this collection, wherever possible, as containing the largest number of important inscriptions. It gives the number of every inscription in other well-known previous collections. The edition of Dittenberger's Sylloge, which has appeared subsequently, has itself a register which enables any one using it to identify an inscription by its number in Michel. BABELON.-Ernest Babelon, Les Rois de Syrie, d'Arménie et de Commagène. PAULY-WISSOWA.-Pauly's Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Neue Bearbeitung herausgegeben von Georg Wissowa. Sitzungsb. Berl.-Sitzungsberichte der könig. kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. CHAPTER XVI ACHAEUS Of all the potentates who bore the name of king in Asia Minor, Achaeus was now the most powerful.1 He had recovered from Attalus the territory which had belonged to the Seleucid house before its unhappy divisions. His wife, Laodice, was a daughter of King Mithridates, sister therefore to the Laodice who was the queen of Antiochus.2 She was the princess who had been placed in the hands of Antiochus Hierax, and had by him been confided to the care of Logbasis the Selgian.3 Once more there was a king who could invite the cities to look to Sardis, rather than to Pergamos, for the strong rule which should curb the forces of disorder. But Attalus, though overborne, was not crushed. His armies had been driven out of the regions they had lately commanded. Except Pergamos nothing was left him. But in Pergamos he maintained himself. And the glamour of his glorious Gallic wars still invested him in the eyes of the Greeks; his influence was too well grounded to disappear even now. When Byzantium was on the point of a war with Rhodes it solicited the help of both princes.5 It was, however, really Achaeus in these days who counted; and the idea of his supporting the Byzantines was so alarming to the Rhodians 1 βαρύτατος ἦν τότε καὶ φοβερώτατος τῶν ἐπὶ τάδε τοῦ Ταύρου βασιλέων καὶ duvaσTŵv, Polyb. iv. 48, 12. 2 Polyb. viii. 22, 11. 3 Polyb. v. 74, 5. 4 εἶχεν δὲ βραχεῖαν τότε ῥοπὴν ὡς ἂν ὑπ ̓ ̓Αχαιοῦ συνεληλαμένος εἰς τὴν πατρῴαν ἀρχήν, Polyb. iv. 48, 2. τὸν μὲν ̓́Ατταλον εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ Πέργαμον συνέκλεισε, τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν πάντων ἦν ἐγκρατής, ibid. 11. 5 Polyb. iv. 48, 1. VOL. II B wars. that they stretched their influence at the Ptolemaic court to the utmost point in order to procure the release of his father, Andromachus, who had been taken prisoner in one of the late By this move they purchased Achaeus' neutrality.1 Attalus, so long as he retained the nucleus of his power, continued to be a menace to Achaeus. Nor did Achaeus find an ally in the Bithynian king. Ziaëlas, whose daughter Antiochus Hierax had married, had been murdered at the time of the Gallic wars by some Galatians in his service; 2 the present King, his son Prusias, was little friendly either to Achaeus or Attalus. The complete victory of either would, he knew, leave him face to face with a strong Hellenic king who would be a most inconvenient neighbour. Meantime, he was extremely glad to see the two Hellenic kings pitted against each other. He was furious with the Byzantines because they had tried to reconcile them.3 And what Prusias felt was also felt by every petty dynast who ruled in this or that corner of the hills; should Achaeus succeed in framing a strong kingdom in Asia Minor, it would be an evil day for the smaller powers.* The Greek cities were devoted to Attalus. Lampsacus, Alexandria Troas and Ilion openly maintained his cause.5 Smyrna, so faithful in former days to the house of Seleucus, now showed the same fidelity to the Pergamene king, and only yielded to the overwhelming power of Achaeus. Among the other cities which had been constrained to submit to Achaeus, but longed for Attalus, mention is made of Cyme, Phocaea, Teos and Colophon. These circumstances may help to explain why Achaeus did not venture to leave Asia Minor even when the situation in Syria seemed to give him so excellent an opportunity. In the summer of 218, whilst Antiochus was campaigning in Palestine, Achaeus extended his power in a new direction. 1 Polyb. iv. 51. 2 Trog. Prol. xxvii. ; Phylarch. ap. Athen. ii. 58 c; Polyb. v. 90, 1. 3 Polyb. iv. 49, 2; cf. v. 77, 1. 4 πᾶσι δ ̓ ἦν φοβερὸς καὶ βαρὺς τοῖς ἐπὶ τάδε τοῦ Ταύρου κατοικοῦσι, Polyb. v. 5 Polyb. v. 78, 6. 77, 1. 6 Ibid. 77, 4 f. Ephesus, the Greek cities of Caria, and to a large extent the southern coast were, it will be remembered, subject to Ptolemy, who, as the negotiations after Raphia show, was friendly to Achaeus. He was perhaps determined to be king of Asia Minor indeed, and to deal resolutely with those problems which the disturbed Macedonian rule, no less than the old slipshod Oriental, had hitherto neglected. A serious attempt to subjugate the southern hills was at last made. The opportunity to intervene was given Achaeus by a petty war between Selge and Pednelissus. Selge was the most powerful of those Pisidian mountain-states who waged perpetual war not only with the kings of Asia, but with each other. Pednelissus, finding itself straitly besieged, appealed to King Achaeus. His general, Garsyeris, was at once sent to its relief, and was joined on his appearance by the other communities which were of the antiSelgian faction in Pisidia, such as the Greek city of Aspendus. Side, on the other hand, held aloof, "partly in order to gain favour with Antiochus, but chiefly because of their enmity with Aspendus."1 After a chequered struggle among the hills Garsyeris succeeded in driving the Selgian bands from Pednelissus, and presently laid siege to Selge itself. There was still living in Selge at this time the man who had been the friend of Antiochus Hierax, and under whose roof the queen of Achaeus had grown up, Logbasis. He was now chosen by his fellow-citizens to open negotiations with the besiegers. In supposing him to be a persona grata with the people of Achaeus they were not wrong; they had, however, mistaken his own inclinations. So soon as he was closeted with Garsyeris he offered to betray the city into the hands of Achaeus. Garsyeris immediately sent swift messages to bring Achaeus to the spot. And meanwhile he amused the city with deceptive negotiations. Achaeus arrived, and the attempt was made to seize the city by a sudden attack, in which Logbasis and his accomplices had been instructed to co-operate from within. But at a moment as critical as this, the splendid promptitude of the Selgians foiled the plot. The escape nevertheless had been so narrow that they felt the wisdom of coming to terms. They consented to buy peace with a heavy fine and release the Pednelissian prisoners. It was now that Achaeus spread the terror of his arms |