volence which encourages and perpetuates vagabondism. Every door or passage is pregnant with instruction as to the error committed by the patron of beggars; as the beggar-marks shew that a system of freemasonry is followed, by which a beggar knows whether it will be worth his while to call into a passage or knock at a door. Let any one examine the entrances to the passages in any town, and there he will find chalk marks, unintelligible to him, but significant enough to beggars. If a thousand towns are examined, the same marks will be found at every passage entrance. The passage mark is a cypher with a twisted tail: in some cases the tail projects into the passage, in others outwardly; thus seeming to indicate whether the houses down the passage are worth calling at or not. Almost every door has its marks: these are varied. In some cases there is a cross on the brick work, in others a cypher: the figures 1, 2, 3, are also used. Every person may for himself test the accuracy of these statements by the examination of the brick-work near his own doorway-thus demonstrating that mendicity is a regular trade, carried out upon a system calculated to save time, and realise the largest profits." These remarks refer mainly to provincial towns, London being looked upon as the tramps' home, and therefore too FLY, or experienced, to be duped by such means.

The only other notice of the hieroglyphics of vagabonds that I have met with is in Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor.* Mayhew obtained his information from two tramps, who stated that hawkers employ these signs as well as beggars. One tramp thus described the method of WORKING† a small town. "Two hawkers (PALS†) go together, but separate when they enter a village, one taking one side of the road, and selling different things; and so as to inform each other as to the character of the people at whose houses they call, they chalk certain marks on their door-posts." Another informant stated that "if * Vol. i., pp. 218 and 247. † See Dictionary.

a PATTERER* has been CRABBED (that is, offended) at any of the CRIBS, (houses,) he mostly chalks a signal at or near the door." Another use is also made of these hieroglyphics. Charts of successful begging neighbourhoods are rudely drawn, and symbolical signs attached to each house to shew whether benevolent or adverse. "In many cases there is over the kitchen mantel piece" of a tramps' lodging-house "a map of the district, dotted here and there with memorandums of failure or success." A correct facsimile of one of these singular maps has been placed as a frontispiece. It was obtained from the patterers and tramps who supplied a great many words for this work, and who have been employed by me for some time in collecting Old Ballads, Christmas Carols, Dying Speeches, and Last Lamentations, as materials for a History of Popular Literature. The reader will no doubt be amused with the drawing. The locality depicted is near Maidstone, in Kent; and I am informed that it was probably sketched by a wandering SCREEVER§ in payment for a night's lodging. The English practice of marking everything, and scratching names on public property, extends itself to the tribe of vagabonds. On the map, as may be seen in the lefthand corner, some TRAVELLERS has drawn a favourite or noted female, singularly nicknamed Three-quarter Sarah. What were

* See Dictionary.

+ Sometimes, as appears from the following, the names of persons and houses are written instead. "In almost every one of the padding-kens, or low lodging-houses in the country, there is a list of walks pasted up over the kitchen mantel-piece. Now at St Albans, for instance, at the, and at other places, there is a paper stuck up in each of the kitchens. This paper is headed 'WALKS OUT OF THIS TOWN,' and underneath it is set down the names of the villages in the neighbourhood at which a beggar may call when out on his walk, and they are so arranged as to allow the cadger to make a round of about six miles each day, and return the same night. In many of these papers there are sometimes twenty walks set down. No villages that are in any way "gammy" [bad] are ever mentioned in these papers, and the cadger, if he feels inclined to stop for a few days in the town, will be told by the lodging-house keeper, or the other cadgers that he may meet there, what gentlemen's seats or private houses are of any account on the walk that he means to take. The names of the good houses are not set down in the paper for fear of the police."—Mayhew, vol i., p. 418. Mayhew, vol. i., p. 218. § See Dictionary.

the peculiar accomplishments of this lady to demand so uncommon a name, the reader will be at a loss to discover; but a patterer says it probably refers to a shuffling dance of that name, common in tramps' lodging-houses, and in which "Sarah" may have been a proficient. Above her, three beggars or hawkers have reckoned their day's earnings, amounting to 138.; and on the right a tolerably correct sketch of a low hawker, or costermonger, is drawn. "To Dover, the nigh way," is the exact phraseology; and "hup here," a fair specimen of the selfacquired education of the tribe of cadgers. No key or explanation to the hieroglyphics was given in the original, because it would have been superfluous, when every inmate of the lodging-house knew the marks from their cradle-or rather their mother's back.

Should there be no map, in most lodging-houses there is an old man who is guide to every "WALK" in the vicinity, and who can tell on every round each house that is "good for a cold tatur." The hieroglyphics that are used are :

X NO GOOD; too poor, and know too much.

24

:

STOP,-If you have what they want, they will buy. They are
pretty "fly," (knowing.)

GO IN THIS DIRECTION, it is better than the other road.
Nothing that way.

BONE, (good.) Safe for a "cold tatur," if for nothing else.
Cheese your patter" (don't talk much) here.

COOPER'D, (spoilt,) by too many tramps calling there.

GAMMY (unfavourable,) like to have you taken up. Mind the
dog.

FLUMMUXED, (dangerous,) sure of a month in "quod,” (prison.)
RELIGIOUS, but tidy on the whole.

Where did these signs come from, and when were they first used? are questions which I have asked myself again and again, whilst endeavouring to discover their history. Knowing the

character of the Gipsies, and ascertaining from a tramp that they are well acquainted with the hieroglyphics, "and have been as long ago as ever he could remember," I have little hesitation in ascribing the invention to them. And strange it would be if some modern Belzoni, or Champollion, discovered in these beggars' marks fragments of ancient Egyptian or Hindoo hieroglyphical writing! But this, of course, is a simple vagary of the imagination.

That the Gipsies were in the habit of leaving memorials of the road they had taken, and the successes that had befallen them, there can be no doubt. In an old book, The Triumph of Wit, 1724, there is a passage which appears to have been copied from some older work, and it runs thus :-" The Gipsies set out twice a year, and scatter all over England, each parcel having their appointed stages, that they may not interfere, nor hinder each other ; and for that purpose, when they set forward in the country, they stick up boughs in the way of divers kinds, according as it is agreed among them, that one company may know which way another is gone, and so take another road." The works of Hoyland and Borrow supply other instances.

I cannot close this subject without drawing attention to the extraordinary fact, that actually on the threshold of the gibbet the sign of the vagabond is to be met with! "The murderer's signal is even exhibited from the gallows; as a red handkerchief held in the hand of the felon about to be executed is a token that he dies without having betrayed any professional secrets."*

Since the first edition of this work was published, the author has received from various parts of England numerous evidences of the still active use of beggars' marks and mendicant hieroglyphics. One gentleman writes from Great Yarmouth to say

* Mr Rawlinson's Report to the General Board of Health, Parish of Havant, Hamp

shire.

that only a short time since, whilst residing in Norwich, he used frequently to see them on the houses and street corners in the suburbs. From another gentleman, a clergyman, I learn that he has so far made himself acquainted with the meanings of the signs employed, that by himself marking the characters (Gammy) and (Flummuxed) on the gate posts of his parsonage, he enjoys a singular immunity from alms-seekers and cadgers on the tramp.

In a popular constable's Guide, giving the practice of justices in petty sessions, I have recently met with the following interesting paragraph, corroborating what has just been said on the hieroglyphics used by vagabonds:

"Gipsies follow their brethren by numerous marks, such as strewing handfuls of grass in the day time at a four lane or cross roads; the grass being strewn down the road the gang have taken; also, by a cross being made on the ground with a stick or knife-the longest end of the cross denotes the route taken. In the night time a CLEFT STICK is placed in the fence at the cross roads, with an arm pointing down the road their com rades have taken. The marks are always placed on the left-hand side, so that the stragglers can easily and readily find them." *

From the cleft stick here alluded to, we learn the origin and use of, the third hieroglyphic in the vagabond's private list.

Snowden's Magistrate's Assistant, 1852, P. 444