to stand at such places as appear to him most convenient for the safety of the election, and the ambassadors of princes are permitted to remain in the conclave the first twenty-four hours, but no longer. When all such as are not to remain in the conclave are gone out, the doors are shut, the conclave is walled up, and guards are posted at all the avenues. The cardinal dean, and the cardinal chamberlain, then visit the conclave to see that every thing is safe, and an act therefore is drawn up by a notary. Each cardinal has a priest and a soldier to attend him, and the other officers are, a sacrist, an under sacrist, a secretary, and an under secretary, a confessor, two physicians, a surgeon, two barbers, an apothecary with his apprentices, five masters of the ceremonies, a bricklayer, a carpenter, and sixteen porters. All these are called conclavists, and although the office is rather troublesome, yet, when the election is over, they enjoy many privileges. The new elected pope distributes a sum of money among them, and they enjoy pensions for life. The governor of Rome, who, in some respects, is like the mayor of one of our corporations, issues out orders to deter all persons, except the guards, from carrying arms, either in the day or night, and all such as transgress are severely punished. The clergy of Rome, whether secular or regular, are obliged to march once every day in procession to St. Peter's, to implore the aid of the Holy Ghost, in directing the cardinals to make a proper choice of a holy father for the church, and from St. Peter's they march to the Vatican, and sing the Veni Creator Spiritus. When the conclave is shut up, the under master of the ceremonies goes through the apartments at six in the morning, and two in the afternoon, ringing a little bell to call the cardinals to the chapel of the scrutiny. Each of the cardinals comes out of his cell, attended by his conclavists, one of whom carries his standish into the chapel where the scrutiny is to be, and the other his robe and hat, which his eminence puts on when he enters the chapel." These robes are not the same they wear on other occasions, but are made for the present purpose only. This chapel, which is never used but during the election of a pope, is finely decorated, and much esteemed by those who visit Reme. At the upper end of it is painted the last Judgment; and the floor and benches are covered with green cloth. The seat for the dean of the Sacred College is on the right hand going in, and the first cardinal deacon over against him; behind the altar is a long table, and on it two basons filled with printed ballots for the scrutiny. Here are also two chalices, and a bag, wherein the last cardinal deacon puts the balls intended to ballot for the scrutiny. The conclave, which consists of part of the apostolical palace, is a row of little cells, made of wainscot, where the cardinals are shut up while they are employed about the election of a pope. Every cell has small apartments adjoining, for the use of the conclavists, and they are all ranged along the great gallery of the Vatican, with small spaces between them; such of the cardinals as had been favourites of the late pope, have their cells hung with purple stuff, but the other use only green serge. The seats, tables, and bed are all covered with the same, and over the door of each of the apartment, is painted the arms of the cardinal to whom it belongs. A long range of windows running along the front of the gallery, give light to the cells, and there are ventilators to carry off the foul air. The Swiss, who guard the door of the Vatican, are changed every two hours; and in the square of St. Peter is a body of troops, commanded by the general of the church, who is most commonly a Roman nobleman. Near the castle of St. Angelo, there is another body of guards, the soldiers of which are commanded by the marshal of the church, and these guard the passages through which the cardinals receive their provisions. Neither the cardinals, nor their attendants shut up with them, are to be spoken to, except at particular hours, and then it must be aloud either in the Latin or Italian language. Before any provisions can be carried in to the cardinals, the soldiers, who guard all the inlets to their apartments, examine strictly whether any letters are concealed within the dishes, and if any are found, they are destroyed. Every day about noon, and towards evening, the coaches belonging to the different cardinals come into the square of St. Peter, and their domestics alighting, go to the steward of the conclave, and demand their provisions. Having received the dishes, they march to the inner passage, in the following order; first the cardinal's two staff bearers each with his wooden mace, painted of a purple colour, having his arms upon it. Behind these marches his valet de chambre with his silver mace, and after him his gentlemen follow, two and two, bare-headed. Next follows the master of the houshould, with a napkin on his shoulder, attended by the butler and the carver. The staff bearers who follow him, carry the cardinal's victuals and drink on a lever, whereon hangs a large kettle, containing several pots, plates, and dishes. Others carry large baskets, containing bottles bottles of wine, bread, fruits, cream, jellies, and all such articles of luxury, as can be procured. When they arive at the entry of the passage leading to the gallery where the bells are, they name aloud the cardinal whom they want, and a valet from within, admits porters to carry in the provisions. But although they use all these precautions, and many more, yet letters are often conveyed to the cardinals; and this is sometimes done in the most artful manner, by writing on the skin of a fowl, and putting it into a bottle of wine. When the election is over, three of the cardinals wait on the pope, and ask him what name he is determined to assume. He having answered them, which is most commonly the name of the pope who raised him to the dignity of cardinal; they deliver to him the fisherman's rod. The two first cardinal deacons conduct the new elected pope to a place behind the altar, where, with the assistance of the master of the ceremonies and the sacrist, who is always an Augustine monk, they take off his cardinals habit, to put on the pontifical, which is a robe of white taffety, a linen rochet, a camail and a cap, both of red sattin, with shoes made of red cloth embroidered with gold, and a golden cross on the upper part. The pope, being thus properly dressed, is carried in his chair before the altar in the chapel, and there all the cardinals adore him, by kissing his feet and his right hand, kneeling before him. The holy father then raises them up one after another, and gives them the salute of peace on the right cheek. This part of the ceremony being over, the first cardinal deacon, preceded by the master of the ceremonies, carrying the cross, and a choir of music, singing, "Behold the high priest so acceptable to God, and so just," goes to the great lodge of St. Peter's, where the master mason takes care to have the door opened, that the cardinals may pass into the balcony, to acquaint the people with the election of a pope, cryed with a loud voice, " I bring you glad tidings, we have a pope." Then one of the great guns belonging to St. Peter's is fired, to give notice to the castle of St. Angelo, to discharge a whole round of artillery, and all the bells in the city are set a ringing, while the air resounds with the noise of drums and trumpets. During the whole of this noise, the whole body of the Roman people stand in the streets, praying for blessings upon the new pope, from whom they promise themselves every sort of happiness. The same day, the pope with his mitre on, is carried to the al tar of pope Sixtus V. where the cardinals in their purple robes come and adore him a second time. The adoration is performed in the same manner as before, and during the whole of the ceremony, the musicians sing anthems suitable to the solemnity. In the mean time, the enclosures of the conclave are broken down, and the cardinals descend into the middle of St. Peter's church, and behind them the new pope is carried in a chair, over which is a canopy adorned with gold fringe. His bearers scat him on the altar of St. Peter, where the cardinals adere him a third time, and after them the foreign ambassadors, amidst a vast concourse of people. Te Deum is then sung, and the cardinal, who stands on the epistle side of the altar, reads the verses and prayers appointed for that ceremony in the Romish ritual. After this, the pope is set down on the highest steps. of the altar, and the assisting cardinals having taken off his mitre, he solemnly blesses the people. His robes are then taken off, and twelve chairmen in long scarlet cloaks hanging down to the ground, place him in his chair and convey him to his apartments. Such are the ceremonies practised at Rome, the first day after the election of a new pope; and when we consider it in all parts, perhaps, there was never any thing so magnificent under the name of religion. The pope, as universal head of the church, being elected in the manner we have related, preparations are made for his coronation; and these are equal in magnificence and grandeur, to those of the greatest monarchs in the world. If at the time of his election, he is only a cardinal deacon, then the deaconst of the sacred college, constitute him both priest and bishop at one time in the chapel of pope Sixtus V., to which on the day of his coronation he goes in his cardinal's habit, supported by two prelates, who. are the gentlemen of his chamber, and his cupbearer. All the foreign ambassadors, the cardinals, with the Roman princes and nobility join in the procession, and they are escorted by the Swiss guards, both horse and foot. When they arrive at the chapel of pope Sixtus V. the cardinals put on their red caps, and the pope has his pontificalibus, delivered to him in the following manner. The first master of the ceremonies girds on the falda of taffety under the rochet, and puts upon his head the red sattin barrette. His holiness then goes into the chapel, where the cardinals make him a very low reverential bow, and the holy father receives the submission of his spiritual children like an indulgent parent. The gentlemen who attend the cardinals are on their knees, and the pope stands with his back to the altar. After this, one of the cardinal deacons takes off his red barrette, and another puts on one of white taffety; they likewise take off his red mozette, and dress him in the ameit, the albe, albe, the girdle, the stole, and the red chafuble embroidered with gold, The first cardinal deacon puts the mitre, adorned with precious stones, upon his head, whilst the master of the ceremonies sings an anthem, accompanied by the choir. After which one of the sub-deans takes up the cross that is carried before the pope, and the cardinals pull of their barrettes in honour of the sacred wood. The cross is carried in the following order: The pope's gentlemen walk two and two before it, followed by all the courtiers of the new successor of St. Peter, dressed in their ceremonial habits. The pages march next, and after them a numerous train of consistorial advocates, the gentlemen of the privy chamber, the archbishops, bishops, and the pope's chaplains, who carry the triple crown and mitre. The cross comes after these chaplains, and is followed by the cardinal deacons two and two, and they by the cardinal priests and bishops in the same order. After these come the Roman nobility and foreign ambassadors, each attended by numerous retinues of servants and dependants. The holy father is carried in a chair to the church, in the midst of this solsmn procession, surrounded by his guards, and followed by vast numbers of people. The knights of St. Peter and Paul, support the canopy over the holy father's head; and in that order the procession proceeds to the great church of St Peter. Under the portico of St. Peter's, near the holy gate, there is a throne erected for the pope, where he sits under a canopy, having likewise benches railed in for the cardinals. Then all the clergy belonging to St. Peter's, preceded by the dean, come and kiss the pope's feet; after which, he is carried to the foot of the high altar, amidst the acclamations of the people. He here kneels down and prays before the host, bareheaded, and is immediately carried from thence to the Gregorian chapel; there he places himself on a throne surrounded by the foreign ambassadors, the cardinals, the Italian princes and nobles, with all the great officers of his houshold. Being thus seated, he receives homage from every one present, by their kissing his feet, and then he bestows his blessing on the people, who testify their regard for him, in the loudest acclamations of love, joy, and esteem. This part of the ceremony being over, the cardinals, bishops, and other prelates, put on their white robes, whilst the canons of St. Peter's sing an anthem in the choir, and the pope washes his hands four times. The first bason of water is presented him by the first Roman conservator; the second, during mass, by the general of the church; the third, by the French ambassador; and the last, by the ambas sador from the emperor. After this, the first cardinal deacon dresses the new made pope in fine robes, adorned with the most costly jewels, and then the procession begins, by the first master of the ceremonies carrying a lighted wax taper in one hand, and a bason of water in the other. A pile of combustibles is erected in the bason when the water is poured out, and fire is set to it by the master of the ceremonies, in order to put the holy father in mind of the vanity of all earthly grandeur, and he repeats three time to the pope, the following words, "Behold, holy father, how the glory of this world passes away.' The whole procession being arrived at the foot of the high altar, on which stands several large silver candlesticks gilded, with wax tapers in them; the pope makes a short prayer, and then rising up, begins the mass, having the cardinal deacon on his right hand, as assistant bishop with his cope, and the cardinal deacon of the gospel on his left, with two cardinal deacons behind him as assistants. His holiness having made the solemn confession, the cardinal dean, who holds the mitre, gives it to the cardinal deacons assistants, to put it upon his head. head. He then goes and sits down on his throne, before which, each of the three cardinal priests reads a prayer, suitable to his coronation. The pope then descends from his throne; his mitre is taken off, and the first cardinal deacon assisted by the second, dresses him in the Pallium, saying to him, "Receive the Pallium, which represents to you the duties and perfection of the pontifical function. May you discharge it to the glory of God, and of his most holy mother, the blessed Virgin Mary; of the blessed apostles St. Peter and St. Paul, and of the holy Roman church." In the next part of the ceremony, the cardinal deacon of the gospel puts three deacon's vestures on the three crosses of the Pallium, and the holy father ascends the altar with the Pallium on his shoulder, but without his mitre; and kisses the book of the holy evangelists, at the same time perfuming the altar with incense. After this the mitre is again set on his head, and the first cardinal deacon prefumes him three times with incense, and the ceremony closes with a salute, which the cardinal gives him on his left cheek and stomach; and the two other cardinals do the same after him. Then the pope returns to his throne, where he receives the adoration of all the cardinals, and of the clergy who are present. From his throne he proceeds to the high altar, where he sings with an audible voice," Glory be to God in the highest ;" and as soon as the prayer of mass is ended, he instantly ascends his throne. Then the first cardinal deacon descends into the con fessional fessional of St. Peter, attended by the principal officers of that church. There they sing several Litanies, accompanied by the choir; after which the pope is carried into the benediction seat, accompanied by his cardinals and prelates. The canopy under which he is carried, is supported by several of the Roman nobility, and two of the grooms in red liveries carry fans of peacocks feathers, on each side of the chair. All the cardinals stand up while the two first deacon cardinals assist the pope to ascend the throne, which the day before was set up in the middle of the pew. An anthem is then sung, and the dean of the sacred college reads the coronation prayer; the second cardinal deacon takes off his holiness's mitre, and the first puts the triple crown on his head, saying, "Receive this Tiara, embellished with three crowns, and never forget when you have it on, that you are the father of princes and kings, the supreme judge of the universe, and on earth, vicar of Jesus Christ, our Lord and Saviour. During the whole of this ceremony, Rome is in an unbounded state of confusion; for although the guards are drawn up to prevent disorders, yet such is the madness of the people, that they run into all manner of extravagancies; and the murder of a few persons is considered as no more than trifles. The Coronation being over, the pope treats the cardinals, foreign ambassadors, prelates, and all the great offcers of state, with the most magnificent entertainment that we can form any idea of. A lofty theatre is erected at the upper end of a spacious hall, and in the center is a table, at which his holiness takes his seat, under a velvet canopy adorned with fringes of gold. On the left hand side board stand a large number of gold and silver vessels; and on the right hand is a table for the cardinals, ambassadors, and great officers of state. The laity, although princes or the sons of kings, are obliged wait at table on the holy father, who comes into the hall dressed in his pontifical robes, supported by two cardinal deacons, and followed by all the rest of that body. Before his holiness sits down to table, he washes his hands in state; the bason being held by the Imperial ambassador; the first cardinal bishop pours the water on his hands, and two cardinal deagive him the napkin. During the whole of ceremony, the other cardinals with the ambassadors and nobility kneel down, and remain in that posture till the pope takes his place at the table. cons this All things having been thus adjusted, the pope is next to take possession of his sovereignty, at the church of St. John de Lateran, which is his cathedral, and the metropolitan of all the churches under his jurisdiction, throughout the Christian world. No. 10 This ceremony is performed a few days after the coronation, in the most pompous manner that can be imagined. Twelve trumpets and twelve light horsemen begin the procession from St. Peter's church, and six ranks of four horses each follow, carrying cloaks belonging to the cardinals. After them march the mace-bearers belonging to the cardinals, all on horseback, with silver maces on their shoulders, on which are the arms of their masters. These are followed by the gentlemen and almoners of the cardinals, foreign ambassadors, and princes, with a long train of Roman nobility, dressed in the most sumptuous manner, and attended by their servants in rich liveries. The next part of the procession consists of four of the pope's equerries, dressed in large red copes, and then his taylor, and two cloak bearers dressed alike, carrying two velvet portmanteaus embroidered with gold. The pope's grooms of the stable in loose coats of red serge follow them, leading the white jennets which the kingdom of Naples is obliged annually to send to his holiness, as a tribute of homage for that kingdom; the popes having for many ages claimed it as part of the patrimony of the holy see. These jennets have silk housings, with gold fringes and leaves of silver plate; after them come several mules richly caparisoned, and bordered with red velvet, and gold fringes, several of the pope's domestics leading them by the bridles. Three litters covered with red velvet or scarlet cloth follow them, and two officers on horseback march before the litters, attending the pope's master of the horse on horseback, with his staff bearers who walk on foot, five of the pope's mace-bearers come after in long gowns of purple cloth, faced with velvet, with their maces and enamelled collars. Fourteen drums come next on foot, dressed in red satin flowered with gold, wearing plumes of feathers in their hats, and each of them bearing an ensign of the fourteen quarters or districts of Rome. A band of the pope's trumpets follow them dressed in scarlet,, faced with gold; and after them walk the apostolical gentlemen of the bed-chamber, with the pages, all dressed in scarlet. The commissary of the apostolical chamber, in purple, and the advocates in black, with the family chaplains and pages all dressed in scarlet come afterwards. These are followed by a vast number of domestics, each of whom carries something in his hand, as a distinguishing mark of the rank they bear in the household, particularly the four participents, who are dressed in purple, and carry the pope's four crimson velvet hats. After them come forty of the Roman officers,, 3 L mounted: mounted on stately horses, viz. the judges, justices, secretaries, notaries, comptrollers, fiscals, &c. all dressed in long senatorial robes and black velvet hats. On the left hand of the dean, march the registers of the courts, the clerks of the chamber, the auditors, and the master of the sacred palace. The fourteen masters of the districts of Rome follow them, dressed in robes of crimson velvet, lined with rich taffety, and attended by fourteen marshals in pink satin vests. The governor of Rome follows after, attended by a vast train of dependents and officers, particularly the Roman princes, and such as attend the pope's privy chamber. The apostolical sub-deacon carries the tripple cross, reversed towards the pope, who now makes his appearance in the following inanner: His holiness is carried in a litter lined with red velvet, embroidered and fringed with gold, and he himself is cloathed in a white sattin cassock, with the rochet and stole all of red velvet, if it is winter; but of red sattin, if summer. Fifty young Roman gentlemen, dressed in white sattin, walk before his holiness, and they are followed by the pages of the bedchamber, and two troops of horse guards. All the cardinals follow on horseback two and two, immediately after the pope's guard, and they are followed by the archbishops and bishops, of whom there are always many at Rome. The whole of the procession closes with two troops of light horse, with their officers, pompously dressed in scarlet and gold. This magnificent procession marches from St. Peter's to the bridge of St. Angelo, and from thence to the Capitol, where the Roman people erect a triumphal arch for his holiness, and the senators present him with the keys of the city, holding a sceptre in his hand, while he delivers an oration, which the new-made pontiff most condescendingly stoops to hear. From thence they proceed to Campo Vachino, where the duke of Parma erects another triumphal arch before his palace, through which his holiness is carried. They then cross the Colliscum, where the Jews have another arch erected, and under it they present him with the five books of Moses in Hebrew. One of their rabbies delivers an address to the holy father, exhorting him to reverence the law of Moses; and an humble request, that he will be graciously pleased to protect them. He, in answer, tells them, that he has the most profound respect for the law of Moses, though at the same time, he rejects their false interpretations of it. After which the Jews retire without making any reply, and the procession goes forward through the streets, which on that day are hung with tapestry, and crowded with a vast number of spectators. In this manner they proceed to St. John de Lateran, where they are received by all the clergy belonging to that church. The pope being arrived at the gate of St. John de Lateran, comes out of his litter, and the archpriest presents him the cross to kiss; after this his holiness ascends the throne, which is prepared for him under the portico, where his pontifical robes and mitre are put on. Whilst he is on the throne, the canons of St. John de Lateran come and kiss his feet, and the cardinal arch-priest makes an oration in the name of the chapter, and delivers him the keys of the church, one of which is of gold, and the other of silver. As soon as this part of the ceremony is over, the cardinals put on the sacred ornaments, and the pope walks towards the great gate of the cathedral, where the cardinal arch-priest gives him a sprinkler, with which he takes holy water and sprinkles the people, then the same cardinal perfumes his holiness three times with incense. His holiness then goes into his chair, and his bearers carry him along the nave of the church under a rich canopy held over his head, up to the high altar, where he prays. He is then carried into the choir to a throne, where the cardinals come and pay him their homage. him their homage. Then the two cardinal-deacons put on and take off his mitre, while he gives the sacred benediction. When this is done, he is carried into the palace of St. John de Lateran, where several anthems are sung, at the close whereof, the cardinal-priest makes an oration, and repeats several particular prayers, suitable to the solemnity. The last part of the ceremony consists in throwing some handfuls of medals among the people, and in giving them twice his benediction. Particular ceremonies observed in the Vatican, with several other rites of a curious nature. When the pope holds a consistory, his throne is erected in the great hall of the apostolical palace, and this throne is square, about eight feet wide, and the pope ascends it by three steps. His holiness sits down on a seat covered with cloth of gold, under a canopy of the same, both equally magnificent. The cardinal bishops and priests sit on his right hand below the throne, and the cardinal deacons on the left; but in such a posture as to have their faces towards the holy father. In these consistories many things are transacted, both of a foreign and domestic nature letters from foreign princes are read, and answers returned to them; appeals are heard from the |