doctrine, and thus to render a reconciliation with the English Church more feasible than one with the Greek Church could ever be. At the request of Wake, Dr. Du Pin drew up, with the sanction of the Sorbonne, his "Commonitorium," which took a review of the XXXIX. Articles, to the greater part of which it offered no objection;-it allowed the Celebration of the Holy Eucharist in both Kinds; the performance of Divine Service in the vulgar tongue, and the marriage of the Clergy; whilst as to the ultimate settlement of the doctrine concerning Purgatory, Indulgences, the veneration of Saints, relics or images, he thought there would be no difficulty. To this "Commonitorium" the Archbishop declined to bind himself; he refused to allow the Pope a primacy of jurisdiction by divine right, but was willing to concede him a primacy of rank and honour as being the Bishop of what once had been the Imperial City;-on no other terms could a union be effected. The principle from which Wake started was the Independence of every National Church; he advocated an agreement between the Anglican and Gallican Churches on points of doctrine; "in other matters a difference should be allowed until God should bring them to a union in them also." It was simply a proposal for a union between the Anglican and Gallican Churches; there was no question of a general reunion of the divided Churches of Western Christendom. It is very questionable whether even

such a union as Wake advocated would ever have been sanctioned under George I. and the Latitudinarian Bishops; the correspondence, however, was suddenly cut short, for when Wake's Letters, dated May 1, 1719, reached Paris, Du Pin was dead. The Jesuits were furious at what had taken place between the two Churches; the Abbé Dubois interfered, and Dr. de Girardin was threatened with the Bastile; Pope Clement XI. expressed his admiration for Wake, and declared it was a pity he was not a member of the Roman Catholic Church,

Still the Catholicity of the English Church made its mark upon its Gallican neighbour, and in 1723 Dr. Courayer, a Member of the Order of St. Benedict, and Canon and Librarian of the Abbey of St. Geneviève at Paris, published a work which was translated into English under the title of " A Dissertation on the Validity of the Ordination of the English, and of the succession of the Bishops of the Anglican Church." The value of this work is that Courayer was himself a Roman Catholic, and a man of learning and eminence, and that he did not write. for the purpose of defending the English Church; on the contrary, as to our separation from Rome at the Reformation, he was against us; but as to our Ordinations he says: "The validity of the English Ordinations stands upon the strongest evidence, has the most authenticated acts, the most express testimonies, the most uncontested facts to oppose to

fable and forgery, to mistaken reasonings, and unauthenticated deductions;" that the Roman custom of reordaining English Priests is "contrary to all the received maxims of the Church in the matter of reordination, and that it is founded upon opinions that are abandoned, and upon doubts that have no foundation P." On August 27, 1727, the University of Oxford conferred upon Courayer the Degree of D.C.L.; but Cardinal Noailles, the Bishop of Marseilles, and other Gallican Bishops siding against him, he thought it the safer plan to leave France, and in 1728 took refuge in England; he was received here with the greatest kindness from Archbishop Wake, Bishops Sherlock and Hare, and many of the Aristocracy; a pension of £100 a year, which Queen Caroline doubled, was settled upon him; and he died a Roman Catholic on October 17, 1776, at the age of 95 years, and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey.

In allusion to the fiction of the "Nag's Head."

WE

of the secession from the Church of the Nonjurors who refused to take the oaths to William and Mary; we must now carry on their history to the time when, whatever their position may have been at first, they lapsed into formal schism.

For some time before and after the suspension of the Bishops, meetings, which their enemies stigmatized as the "Lambeth Club," or the "Holy Jacobite Club," attended by the Bishops of Norwich, Ely, Bath and Wells, and Peterborough, were held, under the Presidency of Sancroft, at Lambeth Palace, to deliberate on the affairs of the Church. On February 9, 1692, Sancroft executed a deed through which he delegated his Archiepiscopal functions to Lloyd, Bishop of Norwich b. He styles himself "a humble Minister of the Metropolitan Church of Canterbury," and dates it from "my poor cottage which is not

Part I. chap. iv.

"Te vicarium meum ad præmissa, rerumque mearum ac negotiorum actorem, factorem, et nuntium generalem, vigore harum Literarum, eligo, facio, et constituo."

yet made a sufficient covering for me in this sharp winter, here in Friesingfield, at this time even very hard frozen, situated within the bounds of your Diocese," whither, he says in an earlier part of the same document, he had retired, "seeking where in my old age I may rest my weary head "

In May, 1693, Hickes, the deprived Dean of Worcester, was (by the wish as it was said of King James) despatched to St. Germains, with a request that the deposed monarch would, agreeably to the Statute of Henry VIII., nominate two out of the number of the Nonjurors (a list of whom Hickes took with him) as Suffragan Bishops. James accordingly, after first consulting the Pope, the Archbishop of Paris, and Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, nominated Hickes and Wagstaffe, who in November, 1694 (and consequently after Sancroft was dead), were consecrated by Bishops Lloyd, Turner, and White, in the presence, as was said, of the Earl of Clarendon, Hickes as Suffragan Bishop of Thetford, and Wagstaffe of Ipswich. Efforts were made, but in vain, to obtain Ken's approval to this proceeding.

The first generation of Nonjurors, as they dif fered on the grounds on which they refused to take the oath, differed also in their attitude to the Church. Some did not go so far as others. Bishop Frampton, for instance, attended the services of his parish church,