ding should be taken upon deck, at least once a week. The bed-room fhould be washed, and the floor fprinkled with vinegar, on with camphire diffolved in fpirits of wine. Indeed, I fhould think, it would be worth while to take a little lime, in order to white-wash the fides and roof occafionally. It is a great object to have good water. Great care fhould be taken what cafks are used. Some of our water was intolerable, in confequence of its having been put into a rum-cask; but it improved on being expofed to the open air. In laying in provifions, every one will of course confult his own tafte. Tongues, hams, pickled pork, and tripe, and dried or falt beef, feem to be the most proper articles; but for my own part, I fhould be more folicitous to have a good stock of vegetable food. Potatoes, onions, apples, peas, flour, rice, oatmeal, with a few currants and raifins, would probably afford food as agreeable to the tafle of perfons at fea, as any that can be provided. In place of one half the bifcuits, which is ufually laid up, I fhould certainly take fome common household bread, cut into flices, and baked over again: though bread in loaves, if baked rather harder than ufual, might be taken for the first fortnight. It would be well worth while, for those who like oat-cakes, to take a stone for baking them upon but a chafing dish and charcoal would likewife be neceffary, on account of the fmoakiness of the ship's fire, unlefs there were fomething to cover them when baking. Of course no one would forget butter, cheese, treacle, falt, pepper, fuet, and mustard. For breakfast, nothing is preferable to chocolate, tapioca, fago, and faloup powder; though tea and coffee need not be entirely neglected: but I fhould think peppermint or balm preferable. If a little white wine or fpirits can be afforded, it will be found very acceptable; and it is probable, that occafion will be found for a little rhubarb, and fome camomile flowers, Cumberfome furniture,as bedfteads, chairs, and tables, fo far from being ferviceable, will be found to be in the way. Instead of earthen ware, wooden trenchers and tin or horn cups will be moft convenient; and one article, at least, of every neceffary utenfil fhould be provided in wood, tin, or pewter, as every thing which lies loofe and that will break, is almoft fure of being broken. It is to be obferved, that for every thing which is carried on fhip board a fufferance is to be taken out of the cuftom-house of the port from which you fail. What is defigned for ufe on the voyage must be entered as fhip-ftores, for which : nothing is to be paid. But for every package, or box of cloaths, the customhoufe officers demand one filling. It is therefore advifeable to have your goods put into large boxes; and when you go to the custom-house to take out your fufferance, you must fay, how many boxes, portmanteaus, or parcels you have, and whether they contain cloaths, books, or furniture. Upon taking them to the ship, they must remain upon the quay till the cuftom-house officers have examined the contents, though they are fometimes fatisfied with opening the covers. A fimilar form is obferved upon landing in America, but it cofts you nothing for the cuf tom-houfe officers do not, like thofe of Eugland, make you pay them for giving you the trouble of examining your trunks. Upon all articles of merchandize, there is a duty of ten or fifteen per cent. There is a wonderful difference in the expence incurred by fhips in the ports of England, and in thofe of America. The Sifters was at Briftol fifty-two days; and her expences for pilotage, dock room, wharfage, and fome little repairing, amounted to 1501. In America they would not have exceeded 15 or 20l. for the fame purposes. For pilotage alone, in going up and down the river, the captain paid nearly 30l. This difference of charges in the British and in the American ports, is probably one circumftance which enables the Americans to carry fo much cheaper than the Britif., Their fhips, too, are built with threefifths of the money which the ships of England coít. They are navigated likewile with fewer feamen; but they have better wages. An English fhip of the fame fize as that we came in would probably have ten failors; whereas ours was navigated by fix only: but the captain and the mate ftand at the helm, or mount aloft, occafionally, like any of the men, when their affiftance is wanted. I do not find that they are lefs respected for being more ufeful than thofe who affect a greater. degree of itate. The belt teaman we had on board was a Black, who discovered in no respect any mark of inferiority to men, of a lighter complexion. His grandfather, was kidnapped, when a child, upon the coaft of Africa; but his father is become an independent man, and is the cultivator, of thirty acres of his own property upon Long Island, in the State of New York.: Our black failor has ten dollars (21. 5s.). per month. Next to him, on board the, Sifters, were as Irishman and Dane, whose wages were nine dollars per month. The. Dane firit went to America in a Dutch veffel, land for the older ones, and to give up the management of his own eftate to the youngeft fon, referving to himself a maintenance out of it; for, accordingto the just and equal laws of the country, all the children are placed upon a level; and the parent would fhudder at the thought of making five children flaves or beggars for the fake of making the fixth a gentleman. The price of land in the neighbourhood to which our mate belongs, is about one dollar, i. e. 4s. 6d. for a ftatute acre. It is reckoned very fertile for that northern fituation: but as the trees are large and very close together, it is expenfive to clear the ground. He gives 10s. currency, 7s. 6d. fterling, an acre for cutting the trees down, which a good workman will do in about two days. The trees are then left upon the ground, from July to the following fpring, when they are burnt to afhes. The expence of this is between two and three dollars an acre. The land is then ready to receive the Indian corn, without any farther preparation. The produce is nearly fufficient to defray the expence of cleaning the land. The fecond year they fow wheat, but without making ufe of the plow. The wheat is fown upon the land, whilft in the state in which it is after the ftalks of the Indian corn are rooted up; and the grain is covered with the hoe. To this farm he hopes to retire in a year or two from the viciffitudes of a fea-faring life, and to cultivate in peace the grateful foil. He has a wife, who is under fifteen years of age; for early marriages are common in America. Large families, therefore, are frequently to be met with. He mentioned to me an old couple, whom he knew, who lived to fee four hundred and fifty defcendants. veffel, but was tempted to enter into the employ of an American merchant by the prolpect of better pay. The Irishman, in addition to this motive, was induced to change mafters by the defire of liberating humfelf from the harsh ufage which he met with in the British fervice. So common is the defire, that the masters of British veffels in American ports very commonly either lie off at a distance from the fhore, or throw their feamen into prifon, to prevent their escaping from them. But, notwithstanding this, and the rigour of the law, it is faid, that one half of the American veffels are navigated by the failors of Britain or Ireland; for the native Americans generally think it more profitable to plow the land than the ocean. Three of our failors out of the fix were Americans, and have only feven or eight dollars a piece. One of them was poffeffed of ten or twelve hundred pounds; but having been on board anEnglish man of war, and contracted those habits which are fo common to men in that fituation, a confiderable part of it was foon diffipated. But no man in our fhip had fo much employment as the cook, whole bufinefs it was to wait upon the paffengers: his wages were only fix dellars; but, on account of perquifites attending his fituation, it was confidered to be as lucrative as any; but being under twenty-one, his gains went to his father. As an affiftant to the cook, was a poor lad, who, having neither father nor mother, came the day before we failed, almost naked, from a village near Bath, offering his fervices to the captain of our fhip. He could get bread, but no cloathing, by driving the plow, and frightening the birds from the farmer's corn; and having refolved to try whether the fea would reward him better than the land, Captain Webb happened to be the first man he met with as he was ftrolling along the quay at Briftol. Probably this poor British outcaft will one day become an happy and indepen-in the Magazine of laft month, is OUR correfpondent, Mr. Singleton, dent citizen of America. There seemed to be among our men a general difpofition to abandon the fea, as foon as they had faved enough to become cultivators of the foil. Two hundred dollars they reckoned would be fufficient to purchale a farm in New England, and to maintain a man till the produce of his land should afford him a fubfiftence. Our mate (a young man of twenty-five) has a farm in that part of the State of Maffachusetts, which is called the Province of Maine, at the diftance of about thirty miles from the fea. It is the custom of New England, it feems, for a parent who has many children, to purchase a tract of new MONTHLY MAG, NO. 56.' (End of the first Letter,) To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. SIR, defirous to know whether the paffage he quotes from the ninth book of the Æneid, ORutuli! mea fraus omnis; nibil iste nec aufus Nec potuit: is the only one which occurs in the Latin claffics, where two negatives do not conftitute an affirmative. I can affure him, it is by no means fo: there are several others of fimilar interpretation, which I have met with in the common courfe of reading, though the two following are all that I can quote at the moment. Non patiemur duos Caios, vel duos Nerones, ne hac quidem gloria famæ frui. PLIN. Nat. Hift. 1. 36, p. 363, edit. Bipont. Nunquamn Nunquam adhuc Romanæ copiæ neque majores que melioribus ducibus convenerant, &c. EUTROP. lib. 6. ad finem. The fame rule, with regard to the force of two negatives, holds good in the Eng. lifh language, and funilar deviations from that rule likewife occur, particularly in the ufe of the conjunction nor, to the ungrammatical application of which inftead of or our ears are fo accustomed, that we are ftartled at the legitimate phrafeology, as may be feen in almost every page of the Analytical Review, the redacteur of which was particularly hoftile to this common I am, Sir, error. Dec. 26th, 1799. Your's, &c. EFFECTS OF SUWARROW'S VICTORIES Extracted from a Letter of a Traveller, dated MORE fudden revolution of Italian Direttorio Francefe dal Medico della Defunta; the Sentimenti di un Suddito Aufiriaco nella occafione dell' anniverfario del di 17 Aprile; belong to this clafs. Nor were there wanting religious Rifleffioni, among which the Moderna Democrazia fchmasche rata, oa Parallello jra lo stato democratico, e lojlatononarchico, published at Turin by Matteo Guaita, maintained the foremost rak. To the hiftorical class belongs a book published at Milan by Pogliani and Co. intitled I Francefi in Lombardia, in Svo. in which are enumerated all the calamities which the French have brought upon Italy fince the year 1495.Since this political metamorphofis of Italy, fuch works are most faleable as furnish fragments of the history of the war, written partially in favour of the Coalition.The Ejata narrazione del Fermento popolare che l'Ambafiata Fruncese a occafionata col efpofiti-ione di una Bandiera tricolore nel di 13 aprile 1798 in Vienna, was reprinted A literature than that which took place in the Piedmantefe. But heavens! what a Armata Milan and Modena, after the edition of the Stamperia governiale at Trieft. Even the fummoos fent to the commandant of Philipsburg by General Bernadotte was amply commented on in a pamphlet which appeared at Tieft under the title Rifleoni fulla intimazione della Reja della Fortelfa imperiale di Ihilips-bourg fatta dal Francefe Generale Bernadotte al Ringrazio de Salm, Commandante della medefima. It being now the fashion to publish fuch details, you will be lefs fui prifed to learn that the Corrispondenza dell Francefe intercettata dalla Squadra de Nelfen, was at Milan tranflated from the Englifli. The literary novelties during my ftay at Florence, Pifa, Livorno, and Siena, were already to exclusively of a politicomonarchical tendency, that even at the latter places I could find nothing new of any note, in the other departments of science, except a Viaggio in Grecia di Saverio Screfani Siciliano, fatto 'nell annə 1794 1795, in three volumes 8vo. Of the change of the newfpapers too from one extreme to the other during the above-mentioned two epochs, you can fill less form any idea. Inftead of the Monitori of Rome, Florence, Milan, Turin, &c. the Vienna Court-gazettes Extraordinary are tranflated under the title Li fatti d'Armi, dall' incominciamento di questa Compagna in poi, farlijimamento tradotti dagli Originali Tedejchi. Only a few, as for example the Carriere Milanese, and the Gazzetta Univerjale of Frence, were permitted to be continued without interruption, having undergone however a metamorphofis in their outside appearance. Of the new journals which have started into existence during tives; as may be feen by confulting the pureft and molt fublime compofitions in that beautiful language. νῦν ἐλπίδες Οὐκ ἔτι μοι παίδων ζωᾶς ΟΥΚΕΤΙ. Nunc fpes nulla amplius mihi liberorum vitæ Parm.. ΜΗΔΕΠΟΤΕ το έτερον λόγον ΜΗΔΕΝΑ ΜΗΔΕΝΟΣ ΜΗΤΕ ἐπιδείξειν, μήτε ἐξαγγελειν. Juro enim tibi -nunquam me cujufquam orationem aut oftenfurum effe, aut renunciaturum. -Phaedr. The spirit of tranflation becomes daily more and more awake in Italy. A complete tranflation of Gibbon's Works is published by Zatta in Venice. From the Plato has very elegantly united togeFrench the Mercurio Britannico of Mallet ther four negatives ; Ὅτι τἄλλα τῶν μὴ ὄντων du Pan is regularly tranfated, and publifhed ΟΥΔΕΝΙ ΟΥ̓ΔΑΜΗ ΟΥΔΑΜΩΣ ΟΥΔΕΜΙΑΝ at Milan by Pirotta. For the lovers of via Exe. Quoniam alia cum eorum, the German language feveral dictionaries que non funt, aliquo nullibi ullo modo now appear, the newest and beft is the Dizi aliquod commercium habent. cuaria Italiane Tedefes, fold by Storti in Ve- prope finem. And again, 'Oμvvμi jág coi nice. The Ruffian language begins to be cultivated too in Italy, and a Vocabolario delle Parele le piu famigliari della lingua Ruffa has made its appearance at Milan. Nor have the Theologians been idle, now that bigotry and piety begin to breathe again, and the impending election of a pope exctes general attention. The Giornale Ecclefiaflico Univerfale published by Taglioretti in Milan, and La difefa del Catechif sms del venerabile Cardinale Bellarmino, by Andreola in Florence, were their frit fruits after the retreat of the French. With refpect to the ele&tion of the Pope, the treatife Della Condotta della Chiefa Cattelica nella Elezione del fuo Caps vifibile, il fammo Pontefice Romano, is really intereft. ing. The author of it is the Abate Francefco Gufta of Florence. The forms, regulations and deviations in the election of a pope out of Rome are minutely defcribed in it. - Æfchines alfo, in the following fentence, has joined together fometimes three, negation with the greatest energy; MHAE and fometimes four negatives to express a ἐνδημον, μήτε ὑπερόριον, μήτε κληρωτὴν, μήτε ἀρξάτω ἀρχὴν ΜΗΔΕΜΙΑΝ ΜΗΔΕΠΟΤΕ ΜΗΤΕ χειροτονητήν, μηδὲ κηρυκευσάτω, μηδὲ πρεσδευσάτω, μηδὲ τὰς πρεσβεύσαντας κρινέτω, μηδὲ συκοφανέτω μιασθωθείς, ΜΗΔΕ γνώμην ειπάτω ΜΗΔΕΠΟΤΕ ΜΗΤΕ ἐν τῷ δήμῳ, μήτε ἐν τῇ βαλῇ, μηδὲ ἂν δεινότατος ἢ λέγειν 'Anvalov. Neque ullum unquam magiftratum gerito neque domi, neque foris, five per fortem, five per fuffragium deferri solitum, neque caduceatorem, neque legatum agito, neque legatione functos judicato, neque reum agito mercede conductus, neque unquam fententiam dicito neque ad To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine. populum, neque in fenatu, neque fi Athe SIR, RE ESPECTING the information which Mr. Singleton, in the Monthly Magazine for December, p. 847, requests relative to the phrafeology and fignifica. tion of two or more words coming together in a sentence in the Latin language, and importing negation, I would beg leave to offer for that gentleman's confideration the few following remarks, and flatter myfelf they will not be found, upon examination, either gratuitous, or altogether unfatisfactory with regard to the question propofed. The Greek Attic writers, by whom this elegant form of expression appears to have been invented and first used, have, per. haps, employed greater latitude in the ufe of regatives, than any fubfequent authors in a different language; and they frequently ac from themselves to exprefs a negation, requiring more than an ordinary degree of vehemence, by two, three, or more nega nienfium eloquentiffimus fit. In Timarch. p. 173. It is needlefs to multiply more quotations in confirmation of what muft appear exprefs and decifive, beyond even the poffibility of a doubt, to all in any manner acquainted with the language and the writings of the ancient Greeks. And by this time I fhould imagine your correspondent will, from the extracts here made, be fully convinced that this manner of expression is of Grecian origin, though it can hardly, as will afterwards appear, be faid to have been peculiar to that very ingenious people. Wherever we find modes of expreffion, fimilar to those employed by the Greeks, made ufe of in languages that have exifted fubfequent to the era in which the language of Greece was spoken and flourished; and Vide Vigeri de præcipuis Græcæ dictionis idiotifmis libellum, editum Lugduni Batavorum a Henrico Hoogeveen. especially efpecially if we know that the inhabitants to that of ancient Greece. Plato, indeed, in the etymological obfervations introduced into his Cratylus, where he notices the great changes made in the language of the Greeks, by means of the derivation and compofition of words, tells us that his countrymen went fo far as to facrifice truth to elegance: Nov de dusñ; innhivuoi tô övoμa, ΕΥΣΤΟΜΙΑΝ περὶ πλείονος ποιέμενοι τῆς delug. It is the harmony of the pronunciation on which Plato here remarks; but if they regarded fo much the minutia of the language, we may reasonably infer the fuperior part of it was not neglected. JOHN ROBINSON. of thofe countries, where fuch expreffions are used, had at fome period an intercourfe with the Grecians; it is not certainly unreasonable to conclude, that many of thefe forms of diction fo employed have been borrowed, or at least imitated, from the language of Greece. This remark is in a more particular manner applicable to fome of the modes of expreffion made ufe of in the Latin tongue; fince, waving at prefent any difcuffion relative to the Grecian origin of the Roman language*, we are well fatisfied that the Romans, upon every occafion, ranfacked the ftores of Greece to adorn the language of Rome. Among other beautiful forms of expref.fion, which the Romans condefcended to borrow from the Greeks, they fometimes adopted the phrafeology of employing two or more negatives in denoting negation; but, as they have employed it very fparingly, they can fcarcely be faid to have incorporated it into their own language. I fhall fet down two or three paffages from Roman authors, in which they appear to have departed from the Latin idiom, and to have substituted this phrafe of the Greeks, in order that Mr. Singleton may be fatisfied the paffage in Virgil's neid, lib. 9, 1.428, 429, is not unique in its kind. Cicero, in his Treatife de finibus bonorum & malorum, has imitated this phrafeology, where he fays, Quanquam negent nec virtutes, nec vitia crefcere. Lib. 3, chap. 15. Terence too has made ule of the fame phrafe in Eunuch. act. 5, scene 8. 1. 47: -Nec magis ex ufu tuo Nemo eft. And again in Adelph. act I. Scene 2, 1. 21, 22: Non eft flagitium,.mihi crede, adolefcentulum It is perhaps unneceffary here to point out more paffages in Roman authors, where this phrafe has been adopted. It is indeed a manner of expreffion that appears to me peculiarly beautiful and fublime; and, had the Romans uled this elegant phrafe. ology of the Greeks more frequently and with greater extent than they have done, I could very readily have pardoned them. The Greek language every where abounds with pleafing and expreffive forms of diction, of which perhaps no others were fo fully fufceptible, and therefore ftands unrivalled in excellency. And the languages of the Eaft, of Palestine, and Rome, muft in point of elegance yield the palm Dionyf. Halic lib. 1. Antiq. Roman. las created on this fubject at large. Ravenftonedale, Jan. 1. ON THE PATH OF THE COMET 1799. ROM various obfervations and calcu- ' Flations, the particulars of which are detailed in the Geographische Ephemeriden, the celebrated astronomer M. VON ZACH, Director of the Obfervatory at Seeberg, near Gotha, and Editor of that excellent periodical publication, has obtained what he believes to be the true path of the comet, as accurately, at least, as it is poffible to determine it; for his elements, during a period of 70 days, and through a space of five figns or 150 degrees, always give the calculated place of the comet in the heavens fo exactly, that neither in the longitude nor latitude the error exceeds one minute. "This (fays M. von ZACH,) is with respect to comets, especially the preas much as can be expected or attained fent one, as it was difficult to be difcovered, and could not be observed according to the belt and ftricteft methods. Obfervations with the circular micrometer, Dr. OLBERS himself declares to be certain to only within of a minute; and I myself have found from experience, that, with regard to fixed stars, though much more ealy to be obferved, yet errors of 1′ 37′′ may be committed. To which we must add the, for the most part badly determined, in the calculations of the path of this ex |