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flavour, very strong, and fit for pickles ; and at as little expence and trouble as any I have heard of. To one peck of crabs bruifed, put 9 gallons of cold fpring water in a tub; let them ftand about nine days; cover the tub over with a cloth, ftir the crabs and water once, at least, every day; then ftrain it through a hair-cloth, and put it into a cafk, ironbound and painted. To every gallon of the liquor, put one pound of fugar, and ftir it in the cafk a few times, to diffolve the fugar. Let the cafk ftand where it will have as much of the fun as you can, and cover it with a tile, to keep infects and rain from it.

Welwyn, Jan. 4, 1800.

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D. S.

BEAUTY of COUNTENANCE, by CIT. NEVEU, from the Journal of the Polytechnic School. Il luftrated by a PLATE.

M

AN being fovereignly endowed with intelligence, and being deftined to unite in himself all the virtues, ought to prefent the impreffion of them on his exterior form; to manifeft them by features which fhould diftinguish him from all other animals. Accordingly, the form of his face is the more beautiful, the more it is peculiarly his own, and lefs refembles any other; it is the more difgufting, the more fenfibly it recalls that of any beast.* Among the vast variety prefented by the countenance of animals, the human is diftinguished by its regularity. In front, it forms an exact oval, the parts of which are regularly divided, and preferve a fymmetrical relation to each other. It is in this front part that animals principally differ from each other, and from man; for the hinder part of the skull or occiput is nearly the fame in all. If a line were paffed through the roots of the teeth of the upper jaw, and the most projecting part of the frontal bones, which should crois another line, palling horizontally over the whole cheek, to reach from the root of the nofe to the lower extremity of the ear, or fometimes even to its orifice, these two lines would form, by their union, an angle of from 80 to 90 degrees, and even more.t

See the plate. The 2nd and 7th figures reprefent the human face in its beauty, the eleventh to the 14th inclufive reprefent it debated, and approaching that of fome other animal.

See the Diflertation on the Difference of the Features of the Human Face, by Camper, See the 8th, 9th, and 1cth, figures,

All other animals, beginning with the ape, depart more or lefs from this forni; and their inftinct appears narrower, in proportion as the union of thefe lines forms a fharper angle; fo that the obferver may afcertain, at fight, the degree of instinct of an animal, by the disposition of the bones of its head, nature appearing to have established this visible correfpondence between its exterior form, and the extent of its faculties. Thus, the fishes, which are the dulleft of all animals, are also those whofe face offers a fharper angle by the union of these two lines. The hu man head presents in its front part, as we have juft obferved, the exact shape of an egg; that is to fay, of an oval, wider above than below. In dividing this oval into two diameters, the largest, marked A and B, will part into two equal portions, the forehead, the nofe, the mouth, and the chin. See fig. 20.

The finalleft will divide the head into two equal portions, at the origin and extremity of the eye-brows, or fometimes to the middle of the orbilary cavities. See the fame fig. Line CD. Thefe two parts, divided again into halves, will give, one the origin of the hair, the other the extremity of the nose.

The fourth part divided into three, will give the place of the mouth, and the origia of the chin.

The bafe of the nofe forms, with its most prominent part, an equilateral angle, which ought to be of the fize of the mouth, or of the eye; there will be between the two eyes, the space of an eye or a nofe. The nofe and the forehead will only be feparated by a flight and almoft imperceptible inflection. The upper part of the forehead, and the lower part of the chin, will be a little depreffed, to foften the ov, and give it a more regular form. This may be perceived in the regular profile, fig. 18. I fig. 15, 16, 17, 25 and 26, the beauty is injured, because the face is constructed on a line too convex or concave, too flat, too long, or too wide. Figures 21, 22, 23, and 24, are caricatures

taken from Leonarda da Vinci.

The forehead ought to be ftraight in its line of union with the nofe; but it is flightly rounded in its upper and lateral parts. A narrow forehead deforms the oval, and gives a hardnefs to the face. the peace of the mind; but when it is furWhen it is open and smooth, it announces rowed by wrinkles, it is a fign of old age, or it denotes the turbulence of the paffions; it is the ftamp of forrow and misfortune.

The

The eyes fhould rather be large than fmall; they fhould neither be funk too deep, which diminishes their luftre, nor placed too forward, which injures the acuteness and foftnefs of the look. Large eyes, in certain positions, deform the oval of the head, and appear the effect of an ilnels or a blow. Round eyes are lefs beautiful than long ones, and than thofe which refemble the form of an almond. Round eyes, by discovering too much white around the pupil, give to the expreffon an air of aftonishment, and trouble the peace of the countenance. It is faid, that the Turks are fond of large and prominent eyes; but the Greeks prefer the other form; and in the Venus de Medicis, although the eyes, including the eye-brows, occupy a great space in the oval, the globe, however, is not very large: it is, moreover, leffened by a flight motion of the lower eye lash, which, by approaching the upper one, gives a look more tender and attractive. The eye-brow ought to be flender, large, well arched; and, whatever be the colour of the eyes, it is handfomeft of a brown hue, fince it then forms an agreeable contraft with the colour of the skin, and is, befides, perceived at a greater diftance. The eyes more particularly exprefs intelligence; but it is the mouth, above all, which exprefles the fentiments of the heart, in fuch a manner, however, that their effects unite and fortify each other. It is in women that this organ fhews itself with all its graces; it should indicate the fenfibility of their foul, and the foft affections by which it is characterized. Man, endued with ftronger intelligence, manifefts it by the fire of his glances; but his mouth is deprived of the graces which adorn that of woman. Being destined by Nature to be veiled with a beard, its motions have not fo many charms, nor its colours fuch beautiful contrafts. The mouth ought to be fmall, only a little larger than the breadth of the nostrils; smaller, its motions are less free, it is lefs eloquent, less adapted to the tribune and the theatre. The lower lip is larger and fuller than the upper; both are divided in the middle, by marks which diftinguish the left fide from the right; a distinction which is remarked not only in the forehead, the nose, and the chin, but upon the neck, between the clavicles, and in the whole frame of the body, by the sternum, the linea alba, and all the Riufcles which divide the body into two equal parts. Since it is round the mouth that the sweetest affections of the mind are manifested, the most beautiful mouths will

be thofe on which this appearance is most
readily to be traced; but thick and pout-
ing lips, like thofe of Negroes, giving to
the face a grofs and difcontented air, can-
not be a beautiful feature, fince this feature
correfponds with a state of mind evidently
bad. Befides, when thefe mouths expreís
laughter, retaining always a little of their
former difpofition, the laugh is neither pro-
duced fo quickly nor fo clearly; it has
neither fweetnefs nor precifion, and be-
comes a grimace, a difagreeable convul-
fion. Thus a large mouth cannot be a
beautiful feature; it is only an advantage
for receiving aliments in larger portions, for
feizing prey, and holding it with the teeth;
for executing functions, in fhort, which,
being strangers to intelligence, establish,
with regard to man, a degrading fimilarity
between him and the beasts, and give him
an appearance of ferocity or gluttony.

In the pictures which they have drawn
of beauty, the poets have fucceeded better
in defcribing the perfections of the
eyes
and mouth, than those of the nose and chin,
doubtless because they did not know fuffi-
ciently how to account to themselves for
the effect that they produce in the beauty
or ugliness of the countenance. But, if
these two parts ferve little to expreffion,
they are every thing to the perfection of
the form, and the regularity of the features.
The chin terminates and preferves the
oval; to it the profile owes part of its beau-
ty; it is, befides, a feature characteristic
of the human species, fince it is found in
no other animal. As to the nose, although
it be not formed to declare, like the eyes,
the traits of intelligence, or, like the
mouth, the affections of the heart, it is,
perhaps, more important than them to the
beauty of the countenance; it is the most
striking feature of the face; on account of
its prominent figure, it forms its most di-
ftinct character; it is the fixed point
around which the other parts of the face
affemble and form themselves; it is, in
fome degree, their regulator, and many ce-
lebrated artists determine according to it
all the proportions of their figures. To
ferve for this purpofe, its form should be
ftraight and fimple; it ought to make a
prominent and well defined angle with its
bafe: if it is feparated from the forehead
by a deep cavity; if it is broad, short, and
diftant from the mouth; seek not elsewhere
what makes the face appear vulgar and ig-
noble. In paffionate defire, in anger and
fury, the noftrils fwell and raise them-
felves; this is the only motion of which
the nofe is capable, but its upper part
does not partake in it. By its fixedness

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178

A

in the effects of the paffions, it fhews how much the other features change, it caufes the opening of the mouth to be perceived in cries of grief and terror, and in the different functions of this organ fo full of motion; it also marks the elevation and depreffion of the eye-brows; in fhort, it concurs in defining all the movements produced by joy, grief, fear, admiration, rage, &c. It is well known, how much the lofs of the nofe disfigures a face, and this is another proof how much it ferves to beauty. During fleep, the eyes clofe, and become unexpreffive; they, as well as the mouth, may be deformed by grief; but thefe different changes, which modify the face, do not deftroy its beauty; it lofes all its effect by the deftruction of the nofe; we cannot take pleature in contemplating a ftatue which is deprived of this part, whilst we admire it though its eyes be without pupil, and its lips colourless. By binding a hair fo that, without the means being apparent, it may fenfibly elevate or deprefs the point of the note, we may prove how much the alteration of its form caufes that of the face.

The teeth, to be handfome, fhould be fmall, even, round, and, above all, white. The face receives a great charm from them; they embellish the laugh, the fpeech, the fweetest fentiments of the heart. The teeth are the only bones of the body which are exposed; they are, as it were, fpeci'mens of the other bones, they ought, therefore, to indieate them healthy and well-formed.

The ear ought to be as long as the nofe, or fonetimes a little longer, but its lower extremity fhould reft upon the bafal line; that is to fay, to terminate at the third part of the head; its upper extremity at the fecond, or a little higher. The whole ear is divided into three equal parts, of which the lobe occupies the lowest, and the cavity the middle. It should be conftructed on a line fomewhat inclining towards the mouth, and not parallel with the general form of the head. The Greeks effeemed fmall ears; they are pretty; but, it is faid, that large ones hear better.

In faces all equally beautiful, it is only by almost imperceptible fhades that their beauty varies, and caufes itself to be remarked the eye-brow more or lefs arched, the nose more or lefs rounded or prominent, the eyes more or lefs open, the oval more or lets elongated; in fort, the flightest modification fuffices to exprefs all the fhades of beauty, and to diftinguish

details, according to the principles which we have laid down.

From the flight sketches that we have traced in the large plate, it may be seen, that uglinefs augments in proportion as the face departs from the regular form. In another lecture we fhall confider the manner in which the paffions announce themfelves; and we fhall try to exprefs the lively and delicate fhades by which they manifeft their differences with fo much promptitude and precifion. This important part of painting is that which demands most practice and ability in the artift; that which fuppofes the niceft obfervations, and gives the moft advantageous opinion of the fenfibility of his heart, and the delicacy of his mind.

It remains for us to examine, why faces irregular, and even whimfical in their form, please, however, more than others which are beautiful and well formed. Can ugliness, then, ufurp the nights of beauty? Can this laft fometimes be powerlefs? What, in this cafe, becomes of the principles which we have laid down, attributing to it rights fo extended, afcribing to it effects fo mighty? Our anfwer to this objection is naturally deduced from what we have before said of man, and even ferves as a confirmation of it. If reafon places its glory in triumphing over the charms of beauty, if the fage refifts its empire, it is when he does not difcover among them intelligence and virtue, that alliance which ought to unite them. Inferior to its companions, but more speedy in its effect, beauty alone may well enchant the eyes, and surprise the fenfes: but this enchantment is little lasting; habit destroys it, every day diminithes its power, and the mind, undeceived, foon breaks bonds too weak to restrain it. On the contrary, the qualities of the understanding and of the heart often supply the place of beauty, and fhew their power fo much the more, as they stand in its ftead, and do without its affiftance. What is obtained without beauty is ob. tained by a charm more powerful, the effect of which time encreafes inftead of deftroying. It has even been obferved by the experience of all ages, that the greateft paffions have been infpired by women only moderately handiome, because they then please by qualities more eftimable and lefs frail than beauty.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

ERHAPS, in the ardour for universa

faces which, to be beautiful, nuft be regu-Plity, we have lately too often nelar, and formed on the whole, and in the glected the local, forgetting, that the object

of

of all theory is practice, and the aim of all amplification and generality is the limited and particular.

This reflection, and the modern fashion of ftatiftical inquifitions (as they are called), introduced by a very ufeful writer, has led me to fubmit the following obfervations on the agriculture of the parish in which I refide for infertion in your mifcellany.

Thoydon Garnon is in the County of Effex, about fixteen miles from London, and extends on the north to Epping, induding a part of that town, and on the fouth to Hyde's Farm; on the eat it reaches along the valley bounded by the elevation on which Hill Hall (an ancient family-feat) is firuated, and on the weft inclofes Blunt's Farm, Garnon Hall, and Cooperfale Hall. The name of the village is Cooperfale, and the fteeple of the church according to Gough's Camden, was erected about the middle of the fifteenth century, by a citizen of St. Helen's, in London. Near Epping, on the skirts of the parish, is a Roman station, mentioned by the fame author.

The parish includes about 2773 acres. Some fmall nameless ftreams take their courfe through it, which discharge their currents into the Roder.

The foil is a clayey loam, which has been very inconfiderably corrected by marle and chalk, the manures moft fuited to this kind of land, as the nearest place at which they have been procured is Stratford, a diftance of about 12 or 13 miles.

A bed of marle has been difcovered at Hyde's Farm lately; the quantity of chalk, when examined with the marine acid, is difcovered to be fourteen per cent. which places it in the clafs of calcareous marle ; and its retentive power over water, or the quantity it can retain without fuffering any to escape or drop, is thirty-two per cent. Kirwan has fhewn it to be a grand defideratum in agriculture, that the reten-. tiveness of the foil be proportioned to the rain ufual in the climate. Hence, as the retentive power of argill or clay is 250 per cent. it will be a material improvement to the lands adjacent, if extenfive beds of this marle fhould be discovered, and it is particularly mentioned here as a motive for examination.

The farms are finall, varying between sol. and 150l. rent, most of them confiderably under the latter.

The husbandry in general is opposed to what is recommended by modern improvers; and perhaps the principal impediment to the changes the new difcoveries

have pointed out, is not the want of inclination, judgment, or enterprize in the holders of land, but the want of capital.

The heavy wing-plough ufed here, is likely to continue a favourite inftrument on ftrong lands; but the fin of the share fhould be widened, and the mould-board' contracted.

The narrow flock harrow, of which five form a fet, drawn by three horfes at width, is well enough fuited to the foil, and can'not eatily be improved.

None of the new implements are known in this parifli, except on one farm, where the drill, the horfe-hoe, and Cook's machine for grinding feeds, are employed; on the fame farm I noticed the introduction of winter fallows, to the exclusion of fummer fallows; but in every other, the old hufbandry is adopted, and the pernicious fucceffion of two crops of white corn.

The courfe throughout the parish, with few exceptions, is wheat, oats, fallow.

Some potatoes and turnips have lately been introduced; and on two farms, the culture of beans, hand-hoed with fufficient

care.

The vicinity of Epping has long been celebrated for the excellence of its dairies. Perhaps two-thirds of this district may be in pafture, and a confiderable proportion of this always fed off.

The number of cows on these small farms vary from five to tweuty; and the butter produced is excellent, from the extreme neatness and skill in this part of the management.

The price of labour in winter is, per day, 1s. 6d.

Hedging and ditching, two spit deep, per rod, 6d. or 7d.

In hay harvest, beer, &c. per day, 25.
In ftraw, 5s. to 8s. per acre.
Boys, per week, 2s. 6d.

Female fervants, per annum, 3 guineas to 6 guineas.

The greatest improvement in this country is land-ditching, which is performed at the expence of 20s. per acre, but probably the mole-plough will fuperfede the neceffity of this tedious and chargeable expedient in future.

One great defect in the conduct of the farms is, that the occupants do not keep horfes fufficient to till them, which is peculiarly neceffary on the cold, stiff foil here cultivated: an able French writer has affirmed, that the tilth of land, or the frequent divifions of its parts, is of as much confequence to the produce as manure, and it is effected at one-tenth or one-twentieth part of the expence.

Mr. Young, in his Shropshire Tour, has stated, that the County of Effex comprifes 1,240,000 acres, of which the whole rental is 930,000l, which aggregate rent averages, per acre, 14s. The proportion of the value of land here to that of the county in general, is eafily explained. The whole extent of the parish is about 2773 acres; the total rent collected from the parochial documents appears to be 32721. (making the deduction of 150l. for the manfions of two or three gentlemen) the rent of the land is 22s. 3d. per acre.

It would be of little moment to state in this way the particular circunftances of a small diftri&t, were it not that from fuch few facts tome useful, general obfervations would fynthetically arife; and by adhering clofely to fuch facts as the bafis, we avoid the feduction of unguided theory. What is here faid of this tract is appli. cable, in a great degree, to the predicament of the county of Effex in general, and in many relpects to the prevailing agriculture of the kingdom.

I am not fond of tuggesting the expedience of Acts of Parliament for every temporary and local inconvenience that arifes: but there is a power referved by the con

mediation, by the direction of which extenfive improvements might be produced; the employment of skilful mineralogifts, who would examine with agricultural views the fubftrata of the earth, would be in a much higher degree beneficial to fociety, than the labors of itinerant foffilifts and of antiquarians tumbling over the fubterranean ruins of Herculaneum and Pom. peii.

That univerfal parliamentary specific has, among other things, been recommended by agricultural empyricifm for the fupply of new laws between the landlord and tenant, when the ftatute-book is already loaded with a vaft farrago of provifions on the subject; what is generally required in matters relating to buyer and feller is (for buyer and feller only, landlord and tenant fhould be confidered), that both should be left un hackled by authority; that the ignorance of former times may not preclude the utility of modern difcoveries.

Among the evils which over caution and this venerable ignorance of past time have entailed upon us, are the restrictions on the rotation of produce; the leafes, ftipulating for the cruel denial to nature of the exercife of ber powers of fructification triennially, prevent the adoption of the new fystem of husbandry, which enables a amer, by the employment of the mufcular

power of animals, to keep his land free from noxious weeds, without the confiderable lofs of one-third of his produce.

Such claufes likewife preclude the introduction of lucerne, the artificial graffes in general, and green crops.

growth, but the third year's fallow muft deThe former improves every year of its itroy it: it may be cut fix times in the course of the summer season, but the leafes require, that one fixth of that produce fhould only be collected.

I have contracted an utter contempt for all politico-agricultural rhapsodies, on account of the vanity and confidence with which they have been recently diffused but I could not avoid introducing these concise hints.

time impart fome obfervations on this It is not improbable, I may at a future neighbourhood, more to the tafte of the artift and the antiquarian. Thoydon Garnon, I am, Sir, Dec. 17, 1799. Your's, &c. J. D. COLLIERS

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F Mr. Hacket (vol. viii. p. 965) will p please to confult your third volume, p. 261 and 423, he will find his queries refpecting Hand-mills in a great measure anticipated. He will find too, that the. correfpondents to whom he is respectfully referred, have tried the experiment, and are both of opinion that hand-mills will not anfwer. And, indeed, when it is remembered, that the obstacle to be removed is nearly as great as the power which can be applied for the purpose, the fact is selfevident,

Instead, therefore, of wasting time and expence in attempting to invent handmills, it feems much better to attend to the hints which the latter of the abovequoted correfpondents (p. 423) has fuggefted refpecting horfe-mills. Such machines could scarcely fail of answering every purpose they are wanted for; and might be conftructed upon various scales, so as to answer for one, or for half a dozen families. The principle upon which they are made is known already; and if it is thought defective, a premium from the truly patriotic Society of Arts, &c. or from any other respectable quarter, would foon excite the attention and endeavours of the ingenious to make the machine perfect. The object certainly is of great confequence, but more especially at prefent, when corn is equally dear and bad. If a few families could join in the charge of

erecting

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