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theatres of a fecondary rank, fome of things worthy of example; in the interior which advance to a high degree of perfection, and by a juft blending of their powers, perhaps, attain that united whole, 19 much miffed on moft ftages, better than feveral highly renowned National Theatres. In this clafs, Altona, Breilau, Dreiden, Deffau, Manheim, Munich, and Weimar, . contend with various fuccefs, each frequently producing very complete reprefentations. It is only a few years fince Altona has poffeffed its own regular houfe; but the talte of the audience is not finer than at Hamburg; and in order to have a full house, the managers are very often obliged to enhance the value of their representations by masquerades, transparencies, and illuminations. A Theatrical and Literary Paper is published there; the frequent changes in the name of which do not augur very favourably for a long duration. The fecend wife of the celebrated poet, the late M. Burgher, the ballad-writer, performs here as an actress. Since the death of Mrs. Waefer has liberated Silefia from a very burden fome theatrical monopcly; Breflau has undertaken to establish a ftage for herself by means of fhares, and has for thefe two years employed uncommon fums on the completion of the decorations and company. This expence lately exceeded the reckoning of the stockholders fo much, that they dreaded difagreeable confequences, and now begin to think on extraordinary means of afliftance.-Drefden fhares with Leipzig freely and without envy the pleasures of its theatre, however well entitled this latter town is, fince the purchase of a play-houfe by their magiftracy, to wish for a fixed company itfelf. Some of the most famous names are mentioned among that company commonly called Seconda's first Company, but it is much straightened in its choice of pieces by political views; and in Dreiden must often yield to the more favorite Italian Court Opera. The acting of a Bably, who has filled up the place of Allegrinti who was fent for to London, is dignified with more admiration, than the moft feeling expreffion of a Hartwig; and the Buffoon Bonaveri seems to create much more delight, than the theatrical franknets of the excellent Chrift, and the highly comic acting of the veteran Thoring. Defau has for fometime promifed us a perfectly new theatrical arrangement, under the protection and benevolence of a Prince fo much the patron of the polite arts; it has obtained, by means of Mr. d'Erdmannf def a play-houfe, in which are many

of which the conftructor has known how to unite fome of the advantages of the Grecian Theatre with the modern demands of the art; and for this reason, deferves to be made known to ftrangers by a particular defcription. It was opened by an Opera Battumendi, which the new director, a nobleman poffeffed of a deep knowledge in mufic and the fkill of an actor, M. de Lichtenftein, has himself written and compofed. To complete the wonder, he and his wife appeared as performers in that piece, and in another likewife of his own compofition.-Manheim, which in that happy period which Ifland has fo enchantingly painted to us in his theatrical life, prefixed to the new edition of his plays printed for Mr. Göfchen at Leipfic, in 14 volumes, united under a Dalberg the most extraordinary talents, and poffeffed a ftage which other German Theatres adopted as a model, has, by undeterved misfortunes and the calamities of a ruinous war, been deprived of this beautiful garland, and is now in dread for the very exiftence of its Theatre. Beck, the fift performer, the once infeparable friend of Iffland, and the author of that favorite piece the Chefs, has been tranfplanted to Munich, where, fince the late change in its matter, a mare kindly itar beams on the polite arts; and accordingly from an inconfiderable and trifling theatre, Thalia's reiidence has been placed already in a more fitting temple. company at Weimar, under the beneficent and enlivening direction of a Gobe, without making great profeffions, has lorg performed far more than could be expected in a little town, in which many abound with talents, few with money; and, by a prudent reparation of its infide, has obtained lately an ornamental theatre for its picatures. In Weimar has Iffland twice reprefented his choiceft characters, to a felect audience. In Weimar was the new production of Schiller, the defervedly celebrated drama of Wallenftein, firft reprefented, and under the eye of the author, performed to the entire content of an im partial public. In the Drama and in the Opera, are here united induftry and talents; which, though in a confined space, produce an excellent and agreeable wellrounded whole, the lots of which is often there felt where one eminent talent darkens the furrounding merit. Befides thefe, are both within and without the boundaries of Germany, many a regular and wandering company, from which, if felected with judgment, one excellent Thea

The

tre

is alfo given in the Journal of Modes and
Habillements, which makes its appearance
regularly every month at Weimar; and
would be highly interefting to English
readers for the rich stock of information,
collected carefully from a well-directed
correfpondence from every part of Ger-
many. According to the lifts given of the
new publications brought to the Leipfic fairs
in the year 1799, there have been printed
only feventy new plays, tragedies, come-
dies, and dramas; and eleven greater and
fmaller works on the Theory of the
Drama.
A. B.

tre might be formed. Prague, Caffel,
Stuttgard, Saltzburg, Grâtz, Brunfwic,
Hanover, Magdeburg, often equal in their
performances feveral of the above-men-
tioned Theatres. They have fhining
but, alas! too tranfient moments, when
even the rigid judge could not forbid his
diinterested approbation. Königsberg too,
Dantzig and Riga, make a figure in the
annals of the German Theatre; and Am-
fterdam poffeffes a German frage, excellent
in many respects, which owes its establish-
ment (wonderful to lay !) to the Jews. To
there may be added other wandering coin-
panies. Walter's company, in which
Grejman and Koch have earned great ap-
plause, has fixed itself in Hanover; but at
times vifits alternately Hildersheim, Bre-
men, Lübeck, and Pyrmont. Krüger's
company, which makes up by Italian fing-
ing and by feats of activity the want of
the more ferious demand of the Drama,
fpent laft winter at Leipzig, and is now
gone to Freyberg. A company of one
Mede has pitched its tent in Bauzen, the
capital of Upper Lufatia, where a bastion
of the old town-walls has been converted
into a Temple of Thalia; from whence
her votaries at certain periods flue into
the Upper Lufatia, and the neighbouring
provinces. Befides this is a company be-
longing to Döbbelin; and ftrolling players
are to be met with at every fair, and in the
moft crouded watering places, at as Carls-
bad and Eger in Bohemia, Dobherau, at
the coast of Mecklenburgh, and in many
other places; the names of which, to-
gether with all the changes and thea-
trical occurrences, are regularly detailed
in a particular Theatrical Almanack, pub-
lifted every year at Gotha by Mr. Reich-
ard, the library keeper of the Duke.
There are many other magazines and
monthly publications, in which circum-
flantial accounts of the pieces which were
performed at fuch a Theatre, are joined
to critiques both of the plays and the
actors. There are two Magazines pub-
lifhed at Berlin, the Annals of the Pruffian
Monarchy, and the Archives of the prefent
Time, both appearing at the beginning
of every month, in which a ftanding ar-
ticle is allotted to the concerns of the
Berlin Theatre. Befides this, an intereft-
ing Magazine with the name of Berlin at
its head, amongst other views of the
character and amufements of the inhabi-
tants, gives useful hints on the perform-
apces of the favourite actors and actreflies,
and illuftrates them with copper-plates.
A monthly retrofpect of the most ftriking
occurrences in the German theatrical world,

For the Monthly Magazine. ANALYSIS of all the permanently valuable Papers which have appeared in the JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE, from its Commencement to the prefent Time; continued from our laft Magazine, page 965.

II.

A new Method of preferving BUTTERFLIES and MOTHS. Vol. I. p. 53. HIS method confifts in fixing the plumage of the wings on paper, fo as to fhew both their upper and under fides, without injuring the colour.

TH

The cement made ufe of is prepared in the following manner: to a thick, clear, and colourlefs folution of gum Arabic, in cold diftilled water, add a little alum and common falt to take off its luttre when dry. This fluid, when thinly fpread on ftiff writing paper, is capable of detaching with great eafe, and fixing without injury, the plumage of the wings of butterflies that are applied to it; thefe, however, ought to be fresh, in order to fucceed completely. The mode of operating is to double a half fheet of stiff paper, and on one fide of the fold to cover with the cement, by means of a thort camel hair brush, a space equal to the fize of the butterfly. The infect is to be gently laid on the cement with a pair of pincers, and on the correfponding part of the other fold an equal space is to be covered with the cement: the paper being now doubled, and gently preffed with the palm of the hand, is to be laid in a few theets of foft paper, and subjected for a few minutes to the moderate action of a common prefs: open the paper carefully, and take off, with the point of a penknife, the membranous part of the wings, and on the oppofite fides of the paper will be found the upper and under furface of the wings in all their brilliancy: the feet and body should be reprefented by an accurate copy of the original, and then the infect is complete, and may be preferved in this state many years without material injury.

IV.

IV. Method of extracting Oil from Grape

Stones. Vol. I. p. 302.

In various parts of Italy a ufeful oil is extracted from grape-ftones, a substance that elsewhere is made no ufe of, but which might perhaps be worth the attention of the makers of raifin wine in this country and of other perfons who are in the habit of ufing large quantities of the above fruit. In order to feparate the feeds from the hufks and refufe matter, the marc is put into a bucket with fome water, and worked about with the hands till the feeds, from their fuperior weight, have all fallen to the bottom of the veffel. They are then to be removed and dried in the fun, or by any other way, as foon as poffible. When a fufficient quantity is collected, the whole is to be ground in the fame kind of mill that is ufed for hemp and colefeed: being then cold drawn, a fine oil is procured, which is fearcely diftinguishable from common olive oil. The refufe matter being fcalded in a little hot water, and again fubjected to the prefs, yields a fresh portion of oil, though of inferior quality, which burns excellently well in a lamp, giving out no unpleasant odour, and lefs imoak than either rape or colefeed oil. alfo ufed in the Parmefan, for preparing the best kind of calf-fkin leather.

two cubic feet, is two-thirds filled with the cement in the above state, and by means of a heavy iron pestle, fufpended at the end of an elaitic pole, is well beaten for about half an hour; at the end of this time it becomes of the confiftence of foft mortar, fix days, according to the drynefs of the air; when fufficiently dry it is again beaten for half an hour as before; and the oftener it is beaten the better will be the cement: ten times, however, are in general fufficient to reduce the cement to the confiftence of an uniform fimooth pafte; after this period it is apt to become refractory, on account of the evaporation, as no more water is to enter into the compofition of the cement, than what was at first employed to flack the lime,

and is then laid in the fhade from three to

plied in the fame manner as common morThe cement thus prepared is to be aptar, and is found to poffefs the fingular advantage of uniting in a few minutes fo firmly to the bricks or ftone, that ftill water may be immediately let in upon the work, without any inconvenience; and by terwards nothing to fear from the most rakeeping it dry for a fingle day, it has afpid current. It is

V. Preparation of the Cendree de
Tournay. Vol. I. p. 370.

The Cendrée de Tournay is a kind of cement compofed of quick-lime and coalathes, which has the property of letting under water, and of becoming in a few years harder even than the ftones that it is employed to consolidate.

It is not every kind of lime-ftone that can be used in the preparation of the cendrée: the kind moft in request at Tournay is procured from quarries on the bank of the Scheld; its colour is a deep blue, its texture compact, but on exposure to frost, it fplits and fcales off.

When the lime is withdrawn from the kilns, the coal-afhes are taken out with it, and all the sizeable pieces of lime being picked out, there remains the coal afh, mixed with about one-fourth of its weight of lime duft. It is of this afh that the cendrée is made.

About a bufhel of the materials is put in any fuitable veffel, and fprinkled with water, juft fufficient to flack the lime; another bufhel is then treated in the fame way, and fo on till the veffel is filled in this ftate it may be kept for any length of time in a moit place, protected from the froft

and fun.

A strong open trough, containing about

[Thefe Articles will be continued regularly until the valuable contents of the Journal de Phyfique and the Annales de Chimie, having been entirely brought before our Readers.]

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

Tobacco, digefted in a chronological Technology," by Professor J. Beckmann, order, and taken from "An Introduction to and interefting to many of your readers. of Gottingen, will, I hope, appear curious

monk, whom Columbus, on his fecond
In 1496, Romanus Pane, a Spanish
departure from America, had left in that
bacco with which he became acquainted in
country, published the first account of To-
St. Domingo.

Coboba, Cobabba, Gioia.-See Schlózerz's
He gave it the names of
Briefwechfel [Epiftolary Correfpondence],
vol. iii. p. 155.

In 1535, the Negroes had already haand cultivated it in the plantations of their bituated themselves to the ufe of Tobacco, Europeans likewife already

mafters.
fmoked it.

In 1559, Jean Nicot, envoy from France thence to Paris, to Queen Catharine de at the court of Portugal, firft tranfmitted Medicis, feeds of the tobacco-plant. And from this circumftance it acquired the name Nicotiana. When Tobacco began

to

to be used in France, it was called herbe du Grande prieur, from the then grandpritur, of the houfe of Lorraine, who was very fond of it. It was likewife once known by the name of herbe de St. Croix, after Cardinal Profper St. Craix, who, on his return from Portugal, where he had been Nuntio from the Pope, introduced into Italy the custom of using tobacco.

In 1565, Conrad Gefner became acquainted with tobacco. At that time, feveral botanifts already cultivated the plant in their gardens.

In 1570, they still smoked in Holland, out of conical tubes, composed of palmleaves plaited together.

In 1575, first appeared a figure of the plant, in André Thevet's Cofmographie.

In 1585, the English firft faw pipes made of clay, among the native Indians of Virginia; which was at that time difcovered by Richard Greenville. It appears likewife, that the English foon after fabricated the first clay tobaccopipes in Europe.

In the beginning of the 17th century, they began to cultivate tobacco in the Eat-Indies.

In 1604, James the Firft of England endeavoured, by means of heavy impotts to abolish the use of tobacco, which he held to be a noxious weed.

In 1610, the fmoking of tobacco was known at Conftantinople. To render the custom ridiculous, a Turk, who had been found fmoking, was co ducted about the ftreets with a pipe transfixed through his Bofe. For a long time after the Turks parchafed tobacco, and that the refufe, from the English. It was late before they learned to cultivate the plant them. delves.

In 1615, it appears, that tobacco began to be fown about Amersfort in Holland.

In 1616, they began to cultivate tobacco in Virginia: the feeds had probably been carried thither from Tobago.

In 1619, King James I. wrote his Mapnos against the ufe of tobacco; and ordered, that no planter in Virginia hould cultivate more than 100 pounds.

In 1610, fome English companies introduced the custom of fmoking tobacco in Zittau, in Germany. See Carpzov's Zuttajcher Schanplatz, vol. ii. p. 228.

In 1620, Robert Königsmann, a merchant, brought the first tobacco plant from England to Strafburg.

In 1624, Pope Urban VIII. published a decree of excommunication against all who thould take fnuff in the church, becaufe then already fome Spanish ecclefi.

aftics ufed it during the celebration of mafs.

In 1631, fmoking of tobacco was first introduced into Miinia, by the Swedish troops.-See Kamprad's Leifaigner Chronica, p. 442.

In 16:4, fmoking was forbidden in Ruffia, under the pain of having the note cut off.

In 1653, they began to smoke tobacco in the canton of Appenzell, in Switzerland. At first, the children ran alter thofe who fmoked in the streets. The council likewife cited the fmokers before them, and punished them; and ordered the innkeepers to inform against such as fhould fmoke in their houfes.-Walfer's Appenzell Chron. p. 624.

In 1661, the Police Regulation of Bern was made, which was divided according to the Ten Commandments. In it, the prohibition to imoke tobacco ftands under the rubric, "Thou shalt not commit adultery!" The prohibition was renewed in 1675; and the tribunal particularly inftituted to put in execution (chambre du tabac) continued till the middle of the prefent century. See Sinner's Voyage hiftor, et litter. dans la Suisse occidentale.

In 1670, and in the following years, finoking of tobacco was punished in the canton of Glarus by a pecuniary fine of one crown, Swits money.

In 1676, two Jews first attempted the cultivation of tobacco in the margraviate of Brandenburg; but which, however, was not brought to bear till 1681.

In 1686, Tobacco firft planted in the canton of Bafil.

In 1689, Jacob Francis Vicarius, an Auftrian phyfician, invented the tubes for tobacco-pipes, which have capfules containing bits of fpunge: however, about the year 1670, already pipes were used with glaf's globules appended to them, to collect the oily moisture exfuding from the

tobacco.

In 1690, Pope Innocent XII. excommunicated all who fhould be guilty of ufing fnuff or tobacco in the church of St. Peter at Rome.

In 1697, great quantities of tobacco already produced in the Palatinate and in Heffia.

In 1719, the Senate of Strafburg prohibited the culture of tobacco, from an apprehenfion left it fhould prove injurious by diminishing the growing of corn.

In 1724? Pope Benedict XIV. revoked the bull of excommunication, published by Innocent, becaufe he himself had acquired the habit of taking snuff.

In 1753, the King of Portugal farmed out the tobacco-trade for about

The revenue of the King of Spain from tobacco, amounted to

In 1759, the duties on tobacco in Denmark, brought in In 1770, the Emprefs Maria Therefa received from duties, &c. on tobacco In 1773, the duties on tobacco in the Two Sicilies, amounted to

In 1780, the King of France received from tobacco a revenue of 29 millions of livres, that is, about Total annual revenue of thele fix kingdoms from duties, &c. on tobacco

: 7,330,933

40,000

Rix dollars. conjecture from Ulloa's Voyage to America, vol. i. p. 139." It is not probable," 2,500,000 says he," that the Europeans learned the "ufe of tobacco from America; for, as "it is very ancient in the Eaftern coun"tries, it is natural to fuppofe, that the "knowledge of it came to Europe from "thofe regions, by means of the inter"courfe carried on with them by the "commercial states on the Mediterranean "fea. No where, not even in those parts of America where the tobaccoplant grows wild, is the ule of it, and that only for fmoking, either general 66 or very frequent."

806,000

446,000

7,250,000

18,372,933

1

A fum greater than the revenues of the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, together on an average amount to.

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86

"To me it appears probable," (re marks Profeffor BECKMANN) "that even "before the difcovery of the fourth quarter "of the globe,a fort of tobacco was fmoked "in Afia".-This conjecture being mentioned to the celebrated traveller M. Pallas, he gave the following anfwer: "That in "Afia, and especially in China, the use "of tobacco for fmoking is more ancient, "than the discovery of the New World, "Itoofcarcely entertain a doubt. Among "the Chinese, and among the Mongol "tribes who had the most intercourfe "with them, the custom of imoking is "fo general, fo frequent, and become fo indifpenfable a luxury; the tobaccopurfe affixed to their belt, fo neceffary an article of drefs; the form of the pipes, from which the Dutch feem to "to have taken the model of theirs, fo original; and, laftly, the preparation "of the yellow leaves, which are merely rubbed to pieces and then put into the pipe, fo peculiar; that we cannot poffibly derive all this from America "by way of Europe; especially as India, "where the habit of fmoking tobacco is "not fo general, intervenes between Per"fia and China. May we not expect to "find traces of this cuftom, in the first "account of the Voyages of the Portu"guefe and Dutch to China ?"-To inveftigate this fubject, I have indeed the inclination, but, at prefent at leaft, not fufficient leifure; and muft, therefore, leave it to others. However, I can now acduce one important confirmation of my

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CHARLES GRAHAM

For the Monthly Magazine. A SHORT ACCOUNT of GILSLAND, AND ITS MINERAL WATERS. By T. GARA NETT, M. D. Profeffor of Natural Philofophy and Chemistry in the ROYAL INSTITUTION of Great Britain. GILSLAND is a watering-place in Cum

berland, which has been long reforted to by invalids and others from Scotland and the northern counties of England. It is fituated about two miles north of the road

leading from Carlisle to Newcastle, and is about eighteen miles diftant from the forthe accommodation of the company, which mer place. There are only two houses for are large, and upon the plan of thofe at Harrowgate. As living is here remark. ably cheap, and the tables very well furnifhed, this place is reforted to by many befides invalids.

The morning, when fine, is generally spent in walking and riding; the dinner hour is three; and after tea the company go to the ball-room to dance, which amufement continues till nine, the hour of fupper.

The mixture of company from different parts of Great Britain and Ireland, all at fociated together like one family, whole great object is to spend the time agreeably, is extremely fafcinating. This promifcuous allociation leads, as might be expected, to that more intimate acquaintance between the fexes, which produces Courtship: in fact, Gilfland is more celebrated as a match-making place, than any watering place in Britain; and the celebrated temple of Hymen, Gretna-Green, being only eighteen miles diftant, is frequently reforted to by the fond couples, where the veteran defcendant of Vulcan rivets the fetters which he keeps ready forged for the purposę *.

*The certificates of the marriage are often kept ready figned, with blanks left for the names of the parties.

The

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