thus, "Nor did they not deserve the condemnation," means that they did deserve it. ? 580. Adjectives should not be used as adverbs, nor adverbs as adjectives; "He writes beautiful," should be, "He writes beautifully ;" "The above lines," should be, "The preceding lines;" "Thine often infirmities,” should be, “Thy frequent infirmities.” 2581. After the comparative degree, and after other and else, than is used to introduce the term expressive of the excluded party (see 2494); this term is generally an elliptical clause, and should be in that case which would be required if all the words were supplied. Thus, "He is greater than I," not "than me," because there is an ellipsis of the predicate am great after I. ? 582. It is an exception to this rule that whom, and not who, is used after than, as if it were a preposition. 2583. As frequently has the force of a preposition before nouns denoting office, character, or respect wherein; as, "They employed him as a clerk;" "He is not gifted as a speaker;" "I give you this advice as your friend." This function of the word must be carefully discriminated from its use as a conjunction, connecting an elliptical clause to some foregoing word. Thus, "He was as busy as a clerk;" "I am not so gifted as he." 2 584. Two parts of different propositions may be connected, when the remaining part of the one is the same as that of the other; as, "This always has been, and always will be, admired." But if the remaining part of one is not the same as that of the other, the two parts should not be connected. Thus, it is incorrect to say, "This always has, and always will, be admired," because, if be admired is added to the first part, it will be, has be admired. "He was more beloved, but not so much admired as Cynthio." This is inaccurate, because we can not say, "He was more beloved as Cynthio." It should be, "He was more beloved than Cynthio, but not so much admired"- —as Cynthio being understood. 2 585. After expressions denoting doubt, fear, and denial, but, but that, or lest is often improperly used instead of that; as, "I do not doubt but that he is honest;" "I am afraid lest he may not return." 2586. That tense which by most grammarians is called the subjunctive form of the subjunctive present, is proper when the event spoken of is both future and contingent, and is proper in no other case. Hence, it is improper to say, "Though man be a sinner, yet he is not beyond the reach of mercy," because the contingency or condition is not future. It is also improper to say, "If he repents, he will be forgiven," because the contingency or condition is future. This tense has been more properly styled the Contingent Future. ? 587. That tense which by most grammarians is called the subjunctive form of the subjunctive past, is proper when a supposition is made which is known to be contrary to the actual state of the case, and it is proper in no other connection. Hence it is improper to say, "Though he were poor, yet he was respected," because no supposition of an unreal case is made at all. It is also improper to say, "Even if he was rich, he would not be haughty," because the case is evidently a supposed one, and not actual. This tense has been more properly styled the Subnegative Present. APPENDIX II. ENGLISH SYNONYMS. TAKEN FROM LYND'S CLASS BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY. ABANDON-desert, forsake; leave, give up, cast off, quit; renounce, resign, relinquish, reject, surrender, abdicate, yield, cede, concede, forego. See Give up, Leave, Cast back. ABANDONED-reprobate, profligate, corrupt, depraved, vitiated, vicious, wicked; lorn, forlorn, left, forsaken; deserted, helpless, destitute, lost, desperate, hopeless; outcast, cast off. See Wicked, Hopeless, Loose. ABASE-depress, cast down, debase, disgrace, lower, make low; humble, humiliate, reduce. See Lower, Disgrace, Humble. ABHOR-hate, detest, abominate, loathe. See Disgust. ant. See Fruitful, Enough, Generous, Excess, Large. ABRIDGE―abbreviate, compress, contract, epitomize, condense; reduce, curtail, shorten. See Take. ABRIDGMENT-compendium, compend, abstract, synopsis, epitome, summary, abbreviation; contraction, diminution, reduction. See Shorter. ABRUPT-sudden, unlooked for, unexpected, unforeseen; rough, rude, coarse; uneven, rugged; steep, craggy, precipitous; unconnected. See Bold, Sudden. ABSTAIN-refrain, forbear, withhold, desist, discontinue, hold off, cease, stop. See Keep, Leave. ABIDE-stay, continue, remain; endure, ABSTAINING—abstinent, abstemious, sober, See last. See Stay, Lasting. ABILITY-capacity, capability, capableness, cleverness, competence, competency, adequacy, adequateness, sufficiency, efficiency; skill, tact, address, dexterity; genius, talent, faculty, power. Power. ABLE-capable, competent, adequate, sufficient, efficient, qualified, skillful, clever, expert, adroit, dexterous; powerful, strong, vigorous. See Powerful, Active, Clever, Strong, Inadequate. ABODE-habitation, dwelling, residence, domicil, house; for a short time, visit, sojourn, sojourning. See House. ABOUNDING-sufficient, copious, abundant, overflowing, ample, plentiful, plenteous, fertile; prevailing, prevalent; exuber temperate, moderate. See Sober. ABUSE-scurrility, invective, vituperation, opprobrium, insult, insolence, reproach. ABUSE-revile, reproach, vilify, vituperate, insult; scurrilize, inveigh against, declaim, upbraid, chide, scandalize; illuse, deceive, impose on. See Chide, Gibe, Beguile, Misuse, Injure, Reproach, Deceive. ABUSIVE-opprobrious, scurrilous, insulting, insolent, scandalous, reproachful, vituperative, offensive, injurious. See Hurtful. ACCENT-emphasis, stress. ACCIDENTAL-fortuitous; casual, contingent, incidental, adventitious, adscititious, appendant, annexed, non-essential. See Additional. embel ACCOMPLISHMENTS-refinements, lishments, elegancies; endowments; qualifications, attainments, acquirements. See Qualification. ACCORDANT-agreeing with, concordant, consonant, consistent, congruous, compatible, conformable, agreeable, suitable. See Agreeable, Suitable, Answerable to. ACCOUNT-description, relation, explanation, narration, narrative, history, story, recital, detail. See Chronicle, Memoir. ACCOUNTABLE-responsible, answerable, amenable, subject to, obnoxious, liable. See Answerable, Subject. ACCUSE-impeach, indict, charge; raign; impute to, attribute to. See Lay, Count. ACID-See Sour. ar panion; familiar, intimate. See Companion, Intimacy, Familiarity. ACQUIESCENCE-quiet assent, resignation. submission; endurance, patience; consent, assent, compliance; accordance, agreement. See Agreement, Approbation, Agree to. ACT between-interpose, intercede; mediate, intermediate; meddle, intermeddle, interfere. See Interrupt. ACTIVE-expert, dexterous, adroit, alert, vigorous, strenuous, agile, nimble, brisk, lively, animated, sprightly, quick, prompt, ready; industrious, diligent, assiduous, sedulous; practical, opera tive. See Lively, Quick, Ready, Diligent, Able, Effect producing. ACTUAL-real, true, authentic, certain, genuine, positive; incontestible, unquestionable, irrefragable, irrefutable, undoubted, indubitable. See Doubted, not to be, Certain, Genuine, Positive. ADDITION-Something added; additament; accession, increase, augment, augmentation, accretion; appendix, appendage, supplement; annexation; addenda. See Increase. ADDITIONAL-supplemental, supplementary, adventitious, adscititious, supernumerary, supervenient; added, superadded, appended, appendant, annexed, affixed, attached. See Accidental. ADDUCE-cite, quote. See Call. ADORN-See Beautify. ADVANCEMENT-progression, progress; preferment, promotion; proficiency, improvement; forwardness. See Improvement. ADVERSARY-opponent, antagonist, opposer, combatant, Satan, foe, enemy. ADVICE-counsel, information, instruction; notice, intelligence; deliberation, consultation. See Caution, Knowledge. AFFECTING-moving, touching, pathetic, tender; exciting the passions or affections; impressive; pitiable. See Piti able. AFFECTION-attachment, fondness, kind· ness, devotion, devotedness; regard, love. See Kindness, Attachment. AFFECTIONATE-loving, kind, fond, warm, tender. See Warm, Kind, Loving, Hearty. AFFRONT-insult, indignity, outrage; provocation, irritation, exasperation; ill-treatment, abuse. See Injury, Offend, Abuse. AFFRONTING-insulting, provoking, irritating, exasperating, aggravating; apt to affront; petulant, hasty, irritable. See Impertinent, Invidious. AFRAID-timid, timorous, fearful; pusillanimous, dastardly, cowardly. See Fearful, Cowardice. AFRAID, de-apprehend, fear, dread. See Fear. AGITATION-commotion, striving; disturbance, perturbation, excitement: emo tion, trepidation, tremor; discussion. See Fear, Stir, Trouble, Trembling. AGREE to comply, accede, consent, assent, acquiesce, approve, accord, conform. See Approve. AGREE with-harmonize, be consistent, acquiesce, coincide, concur. AGREEABLE-pleasant, pleasing, gratifying, delightful, delectable; acceptable, grateful, welcome; accordant. See Accordant, Becoming, Suitable, Amiable, Grateful. AGREEABLE, not-inconsistent, incongruous, incompatible, unsuitable, discordant, incoherent. AGREEMENT-accordance, concurrence, union, unison, harmony; contract, covenant, convention, compact, bargain, stipulation, truce, peace, treaty. See Acquiescence, Concord, League, Bargain, Disagreement, Arrangement, Communion. AID-See Assist. AIM-purpose, purport, intention, design, object, end, tendency, drift, scope; wish, aspiration, desire. See Direction, Desire, End, Object, Meaning. AIM-strive to hit a mark; direct, point, level; aspire to, pretend to; endeavor, seek. See Seek, Wish for. ALL-See Whole. ALLAY-calm, quiet, tranquilize, soothe, compose, appease, soften, relieve, alleviate, mitigate, abate, diminish, assuage. See Ease, Lessen, Soft, Still. ALLIANCE-connection, affinity, league, confederacy, treaty, compact; combination. See League, Company. ALLOW-suffer, permit, tolerate; concede, admit, grant. See Grant, Give, Suffer, Support, Own. ALLURE-See Tempt. ALMIGHTY-all-powerful, omnipotent. See All, Able, Powerful. ALONE-See One, Single. ALONE-solitary, desolate, desert, forlorn, retired, remote, sole, single, lonely, only. See Lonely, Desolate, Solitary. ALWAYS-incessantly, ever, perpetually, continually, constantly; unchangeably, immutably, unalterably, irrevocably. See Changeable. tution, requital, atonement, satisfaction. See Restoring, Satisfaction, Pay. AMENDS, make-compensate, recompense, remunerate, reward; repair, satisfy, requite, atone. See Expiate, Reward, Satisfy. AMIABLE-lovely, sweet, gentle, kind, soft, obliging; pleasing, charming, fascinating, enchanting, accomplished, attract ive, prepossessing, engaging, agreeable, delightful, admirable. See Obliging, Charm, Agreeable. AMUSING-diverting, entertaining, beguiling, interesting, sportive, recreating; droll, comical, comic, ludicrous, farcical, ridiculous. See Laughable, Odd. Sport, Beguile. ANCESTOR-progenitor, forefather, prede cessor. See Old. ANCIENT See Old. ANGER-wrath, resentment, dudgeon, ire, irritation, irritability, indignation, exasperation, excitement, displeasure, disapprobation; choler, rage, passion, spleen. See Displeasure, Rage, Malice. ANGER-incense, irritate, enrage, exasper ate, heat, kindle, enkindle, inflame, fire, incite, stimulate, provoke, excite. See Displease, Burn, Stir, Heighten. ANGRY-irritated, incensed, exasperated, vexed, excited; irrascible, ireful, wroth, choleric, passionate, hot, hasty, impetuous; inflamed, red; raging, furious, tumultuous, provoked. See Hot, Fretful, Cross, Passionate, Hasty, Tumult AMENDS-compensation, reparation, resti- | ANTICIPATE-precede, prevent, forestall, |