EXERCISES. 1. Compose phrases having for their bases the following words: 2. Combine them in complex phrases, thus: The idea of a table moving. To render my tormented nerves easy again. 3. Point out the office of each phrase used in these complex phrases to modify a basis. II. CONNECTIVES-ADJUNCTS. § 110. Connectives are of two kinds, subordinate and co-ordinate. § 111. Subordinate connectives are those which join modifiers to their bases. With reference to the connective, the basis is sometimes called the antecedent, and the modifier is called the subsequent of the connective. § 112. The only kind of subordinate connectives used in phrases is the preposition. As substantives, when used as modifiers, are generally under the government of prepositions, the name adjunct is generally understood to mean a combination consisting of a preposition and its subsequent or governed term. EXAMPLES OF ADJUNCTS. In kind—With difficulty-On wheels-To bed-By digging-After eating-In contradiction. § 113. As the subsequent of a preposition may be not only a simple substantive term, but also a substantive phrase, we may have what are called adjunct phrases. EXAMPLES OF ADJUNCT PHRASES. In this very kind-With extreme difficulty-On four iron wheelsBy digging down the hill-After eating supper-In flat contradiction. EXERCISE. Compose simple adjuncts and adjunct phrases embracing the following words as bases: § 114. Co-ordinate connectives are those that unite terms or propositions that have the same relation to the other words of the sentence in which they occur. § 115. The only co-ordinate connectives that are used to connect terms are the conjunctions and, or, nor, but, and but also; sometimes with and sometimes without the help of their corresponding words, both, either, neither, and not only. § 116. When terms or phrases are thus connected together as co-ordinates, they make a compound term, and the connected terms are called its components. Comp. participial phrase - Both plowing the ground, and casting in the seed. Comp. infinitive phrase-Either to buy the article, or let it alone. EXERCISE. Unite the following pairs of words in compound phrases. IV. SENTENCES-PROPOSITIONS. § 117. A sentence is a collection of words so arranged and connected as to express a thought. § 118. In some sentences, one or more of the words have no connection with the rest of the sentence. These are said to be independent or absolute. § 119. All the rest of the sentence is said to be structural. § 120. The structural part of every sentence consists of one or more propositions. § 121. Propositions are of four kinds; declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative. § 122. A declarative proposition is one that expresses something to be believed. § 123. An interrogative proposition is one that seeks for information. § 124. An exclamatory proposition is one that expresses what is wonderful, or hard to be believed. § 125. An imperative proposition is one that proposes, either in the way of command or request, something to be done. EXAMPLES. Declarative-James reads well. Interrogative-Can James read Latin? EXERCISE. Compose propositions of the kind indicated after each of the fol lowing words used independently. Father, (declarative.) Eliza, (interrogative.) Alas! (exclamatory.) John, (imperative.) O Father, (imperative.) Thou venerable chronicler of the past, (imperative.) Now, (interrogative.) V. ELEMENTS-SUBJECT. § 126. The words or groups of words that are united together to form a proposition are called its elements. § 127. There are two kinds of elements that make up compounds of any sort, immediate and remote. Thus flour, water, salt, and yeast are the immediate elements of bread. But the elements of these elements, as for instance the oxygen and hydrogen of water, the chlorine and sodium of the salt, etc., are the remote elements of bread. But when we speak of the elements of a proposition, unless we specify remote elements, we always mean the immediate elements; those that directly make up the proposition. 128. The elements of propositions are of two kinds: essential and accidental; the former are those which every proposition must have,* and the latter those which a proposition may or may not have. § 129. The essential elements are two: the subject and the predicate. These are best defined by reference to their use in declarative propositions. After having learned to distinguish them in that connection, the pupil can easily accommodate the definitions to the other kinds. § 130. In a declarative proposition, the subject is the term (either simple, complex, or compound) that shows what it is concerning which the declaration is made. § 131. The predicate is that part of the proposition which shows what is declared of the subject. § 132. The usual order is for the subject to precede the predicate; but the contrary may sometimes take place. Thus: There were in olden time giants and long-lived men § 133. If the subject is a complex term or phrase, the basis of the phrase is called the grammatical subject, to distinguish it from the entire phrase, which is called the entire or logical subject. *Either expressed or understood. |