Feb 23 March 7 tures of Dr. Emmet were in the same ty, that "the Russians adopted the New modest and simple style. Aided, too, as Style in the year 1830." Sir Harris Nicothey often were, by the beauty and novelty las, in the second edition of his Chronology of his illustrations, they were well calcu- of History (Lardner's Cab, Cyclop.) publated to fix the attention of his hearers, lished in 1838, makes a contrary stateand to excite in them a taste, as well as a ment, namely, that " in Russia and Greece desire, to prosecute still further the study the Gregorian Calendar is still rejected," of the science of which they treated. His and that "they adhere tenaciously to the classes increased, accordingly, from 35, Old Style." Neither the Oxford Tables of which they were when he was first ap- 1840, noi Blair's Chronology brought down pointed in the university, to 130, in the by Henry Ellis to the year 1843, takes 12th year of his professorship.-The dis- notice of an event, so interesting, in case ease which had all his life threatened him of its occurrence, to all countries having had been of late making insidious ap- political, scientific, or commercial interproaches, and, in the winter of 1842, it course with that great empire. The merwas deemed expedient by his friends that chants of Philadelphia continue to receive he should try the effects of a more mode- from St. Petersburgh, letters and invoices rate climate. In the mild temperature of with the double date, such as 1845; Florida, the symptoms of his disease were and we happen to have seen a communiso far mitigated, that sanguine hopes were cation in like form, addressed to the Secreentertained of his restoration to health. tary of the American Philosophical SocieThese hopes, however, proved delusive. ty on November 13 1843, by Count CanAfter a boisterous passage, in a small un- crine, then minister of finances of Russia. comfortable vessel, by which he lost more There is, consequently, strong ground for than he gained in Florida, he breathed doubting whether the reform in question, his last, about 6 weeks subsequent to land- however desirable, or likely to be effected ing at New York, on the 13th of August ere long, has yet taken place. -We re1842, in the 47th year of his age.-Dr. mark also on the article above referred to, Emmet had a taste, for the fine arts, where a Rule is given at page 549 for which, even in the midst of his official turning the Old into the New Style, that duties and scientific pursuits, never de- the 29th of February in 1700, 1800, 1900, serted him. Soon after his father's death, and 2100, is, by inadvertence or misprint, he had sculptured a bust of his parent, spoken of and marked as belonging to the which was a good likeness, as well as of New Style. The error should be correctrespectable execution; he now and then ed, since, according to the Gregorian law, exercised his pencil also, but it was chiefly centesimal years having centurial figures, on grotesque subjects; and he had occa- not multiples of 4, can never be bissextile. sionally attempted musical composition. Several very able and interesting essays He is described as "witty, frank, and amiable;" and his society is represented to have been eagerly sought by those who knew him, on account of the faculty, possessed by him in an uncommon degree, of rendering himself acceptable to all with whom he had intercourse. EMPIRE meant originally the territory under the authority of an emperor. But the term has latterly been employed to denote a large extent of dominion, without reference to the title of the sovereign. Thus it is usual to speak of the British empire, as well as of the empires of Austria or Russia. EMPYREUMA; a burned odour. Hence, the oils obtained by distilling various organic substances, at high temperatures, are called empyreumatic oils. ENGLAND. See United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, (Sup.) EPOCH. In an article under this head in a preceding volume of this work, it is mentioned, we know not on what authori from the pen of Professor De Morgan, of University College, London, have appeared in the "Companion to the British Almanac" of 1845 and 1846, and in the Supplement to the Penny Cyclopædia (Art. Easter) now issuing from the press of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; but we have not, in consulting either, or other recent works of science, met with any method by which the principal chronological problems of the Christian Calendar can be so easily and expeditiously solved, as by the very simple arithmetical rules and compact tables of the following new "Perpetual Calendar," devised in 1844, and printed in the latest Quarterly Bulletin of the American Philosophical Society, from a memoir read by one of its members, in August last, and ordered for publication in the forthcoming volume of Transactions. The whole ta blet, occupying scarcely greater space than Delambre's set of algebraical formulæ, or than De Morgan's directions for both -- EPOCH. Styles, might conveniently serve, by the brevity of its additive processes, every essential purpose of about fifty pages of tables and explanations in Sir H. Nicolas's work. We seek, therefore, the earliest occasion, to aid by our Supplement, in making more extensively known to the public, the ingenious mechanism of this labour-saving instrument; which, though professedly meant for popular use, will be found of great practical utility in the hands of the learned also; who, from the accompanying examples and general description of the chief points of structure, will readily verify the consonance of its plan with the mathematical principles of both the Ancient and Reformed Calendars, as elucidated by Lalande, Gauss, Delambre, Galloway, De Morgan, &c., and as exhibited at large in numerical tables by the author of the Art of Verifying Dates. 255 from the Julian Solar Equation 5, leaving 2, which will thus become the Gregorian Solar Equation for the remainder of the 16th century. This equation would suit all succeeding centuries, were it not for the second step taken at the reformation, of directing that after 1600, which continued bissextile in both Calendars, every succeeding hundredth year, whose centurial figures were not divisible by four, without a remainder, should cease to be leap years. As each of the years 1700, 1800, and 1900, loses consequently a day, the number expressive of the solar equation is diminished by one at each change of the centurial figure; but for 2000, and for every succeeding 400th year, whose centurial figures are divisible by four without a remainder, the equation continues, like that of 1600, the same as the preceding one, and these years only are Mr. M'Ilvaine's Calendar consists of a marked on the civil side of the column of central column headed "Eras," accompa- Eras with an asterisk. -Thus column A, nied by two series of secular equations, by consisting of fewer figures (and these symmeans of which, and of two small ancillary metrically disposed in a cycle of 7) than tables, he has been enabled to reduce to have ever been used in constructing any identical terms, his formulæ for finding in table of Dominical letters for either style, both styles and through a vast range of completes a Civil Calendar of simple form, time, the day of the week in the Civil Ca- and unlimited extent. In the present cenlendar, and the Annual Epact, with Easter tury, whose solar equation is 0, the comdeduced from it, in the Ecclesiastical. putation will be found particularly easy.After noticing the simplifications of the Mr. M'Ilvaine then proceeds to explain Calendar, effected within the last half the construction of the Ecclesiastical side century by the analytical methods of of his Calendar, and the means which he Gauss and Delambre, Mr. M'Ilvaine pro- adopted for connecting it with Table B of ceeds to demonstrate the rule of his own the other side, as well as for making a sinCivil Calendar, and to explain the princi- gle additional column C, serve as a conples upon which Table B, containing num- venient substitute for the Extended Table bers for the respective months, was formed. of Epacts now in use.-From the descripHaving thus proved that no necessity ex- tions given in Mr. Galloway's article on ists for the use of Dominical letters in the the Calendar, in the seventh edition of the Julian Calendar, since the same object Encyclopædia Britannica, and in one by may be attained in an easier way through Lord Macclesfield, published in the Philothe Solar Equation 5, standing in column sophical Transactions for 1750, Mr. M'IlA, opposite to the Julian Era, he goes on vaine inferred, that the golden numbers, to show that, with the aid of table B, a as remainders, on division by 19 of the similar device may be equally well adapt- year plus 1, might be dispensed with, and ed to the Gregorian Era.-The first step their place, in computation, conveniently in the reformation of the Julian Calendar, supplied by adding to 11 times the year, in 1582, consisted in the suppression of 10 the 19th part of the year used as a quodays in that year, by calling the day, which, tient, or whole number, (taking care only in the old style, was the 5th of October, that when the year happens to be a multithe 15th of October in the new. Now the ple of 19, one less than the 19th part shall Julian 5th of October, 1582, will be shown be added), and then rejecting thirties from by the Calendar to have been Friday, and the sum. This easy formula, equivalent the 15th, consequently, Monday; and, as to the rule at the head of the tablet, yieldthe series of days of the week was not in-ed him, without a failure, the constantly terrupted, nor intended to be, by the reform, in order to make the 15th of October, in the new style, coincide with Friday, it is obvious that we must go back three days; that is, we must subtract 3 recurring 19 epacts that mark the Julian Calendar. Now obtaining in this way the Julian epact for 1582, and advancing the epacts by a unit, which is equivalent to the tabular arrangements made at the Freed from Dominical Letters, Solar Cycle, Golden Numbers, Extended Tables of Epacts and Algebraic Formulæ. By Wm. M'Ilvaine, Burlington, N. J. 1844. transition to the Gregorian Calendar in that year, the first equation of column C becomes 1. From this the succeeding equations of that column were derived, as follows: Every centurial figure, at which, in successive periods of 25 centuries, (beginning at 1800, 4300, 6800, &c.), the epact is, according to the Gregorian law, to be increased by a unit- -a correction which occurs at the end of every 300 years, seven times in succession, and then once at the end of 400 years (making 8 corrections in the course of 2500 years)- was marked with an asterisk. Then descending, century by century, in the central column of eras, the equation in column C was kept the same, wherever a single asterisk was met with on either side. The last equation was diminished by 1 whenever there was no asterisk, and increased by 1 whenever the asterisk appeared on both sides, limiting the series by the cycle of 30, and considering 30 as always equivalent to 0.-The epacts obtained by means of the table thus formed, and the rule, Mr. M'Ilvaine found to be in exact correspondence with those set down in the Extended Tables of Epacts given in the ordinary treatises upon the Calendar.- Mr. M'IIvaine then explains his method of obtaining, in the table for finding Easter, four fixed numbers in each Calendar, by means of which he arrives at once at the Paschal term, or day of the month in March or April, on which Easter Sunday depends. The day of the week corresponding to this is then to be found by the Civil Calendar, and the succeeding Sunday is, of course, Easter Sunday. ERIVAN; a fortified town, situated on a lofty eminence, the capital of Russian Armenia, and containing about 14,000 inhabitants, who are for the most part Armenians. In the last war waged by Russia against Persia (October 13th 1827), it was taken by storm by the Russian general Paskewich; and by the treaty of peace concluded at Turkmanshay, on the 22d of February of the following year, it was definitively ceded to the former country. ERLANGEN.* The number of inhabitants is now about 10,000.-The university, by the latest accounts, had 460 students. Besides this institution, which occupies the ancient palace of the margraves of Bayreuth, Erlangen has a gymnasium, a polytechnic school, a school for the fine arts, &c. ERLON. Drouet (Jean Baptiste), count d'Erlon, a marshal and peer of France, was born at Rheims, in Champagne, on the 29th of July 1765. In 1792, he en listed in a battalion of volunteers, and not long afterwards became an aide-decamp of General Lefebvre, with whom he made the campaigns of 1793 to 1796, in the armies of the Moselle, and of the Sambre and Meuse. In 1799, he had attained the rank of general of brigade, and in 1805, that of general of division. He accompanied the grand army in the campaigns of 1805, 1806, and 1807, and distinguished himself on various important occasions. In 1809, he was employed, under the orders of his former chief Lefebvre, then become Marshal Lefebvre, in subduing, or, as it was called in milder terms, pacifying the Tyrolese. We next find him in Portugal, in Spain, and in the south of France, actively engaged, first under one French marshal, and then another, against the English and their peninsular allies. After the first restoration, the government sought to gain him over to its interests, and conferred upon him the command of one of the military divisions of the kingdom. But in March 1815, he was suspected of being concerned with General Lefebvre-Desnouettes in a plot to overthrow the Bourbons and recall the emperor Napoleon, and was arrested at Lille and detained there as a prisoner, about a week only before Napoleon actually entered the capital, on his return from the island of Elba: Drouet contrived to escape from his guards, and succeeded in gaining over the garrison of the citadel of Lille to the cause of the emperor. The latter rewarded him for this service by creating him a peer of France, and conferring upon him the title of count d'Erlon, as well as appointing him to the command of the first corps of the army. In this capacity, he fought at Waterloo, and retired with the remains of the army behind the Loire, after the capitulation of Paris. Being comprehended in the ordinance of the 24th of July 1815, and about to be tried by a council of war, he effected his escape into Germany. He resided in the neighbourhood of Baireuth, in Bavaria, till permitted to return to France, in 1825. In the course of the next five years, repeated invitations to re-enter the military service were made to him by the government, all of which he declined. On the occurrence, however, of the revolution of 1830, he was restored to his former rank in the army, as well as to his former title, and, in 1831, was appointed commander-in-chief in “La Vendée," armed with extraordinary powers, which he successfully exerted to restore order in that disturbed district. From the 28th of Sep |