ment, called the Clobury rents, charged upon certain houses and lands. Whether it was this Mr. S. alluded to, I could not learn. I was also informed, that no other tythes or modus was paid than 101. per annum to the minister, and a like sum for the church.

Of the ancient buildings remaining here, the principal is the Abbey gate; a relic of the rich florid Gothic work, in part, at least, probably built, not long before the dissolution. In the window over the gateway, the mullion is a flower resembling the cone and leaves of a pine, but more slender, whose branching shoots form the ramifications of the bend of the window. Above is a rich cross, with our Saviour crucified, rich knots down the coping, and on each side the pine end are two tufted pinnacles. Above the gateway is a demi-angel, with wings displayed, and a plain shield covering his breast. Upon the right side an empty niche with a rich canopy, above which, in the corner (for the hollow of the niche is carried above the canopy,) is a bird descending obliquely; which shews plainly that it was filled by the statue of a Pope, this being their uniform distinction in the cuts of the "Golden Legend*." Upon the other side of the gateway is a flight of steps leading to a doort. The roof, within, is richly vaulted with numerous heavy ribs, elaborately moulded with foliage, roses, &c. as the intersections; and, in one corner, an Abbot's head with his mitre. In the centre is a large rosette.

About a mile out of the town is a fine old house, which I was informed was another Abbey; and, perhaps, the cell, which the monks of Tinterne had here. (Lel. Col. I. 104.) There is work in this house of the 13th and 15th centuries.

There is a rich cross formy charged with roses upon the roof of the projecting porch; and over the door, on a plain shield, is

W T. E. 1705.

for Tho. and Eliz. Wichell, of Bourton near Wotton Underedge, who resided here as the Manor house.

*The dove, or Holy Ghost, whispering in their ears; obviously alluding to their office and supposed infallibility. The statue in question was per haps one of the four fathers that was a Pope, viz. St. Gregory. This how ever is quite uncertain.

† Modern; and not for the ancient use of those by the entrance of churches.

Near, or upon the site of a narrow slip of ground, about six yards wide and thirty long, stood an ancient church. Within this place are flat stones for families of the names of Thomas Smith, Esq. 1732, and branches of his family; as well as for Robert Fenley, clothier, 1772, and his wife and children.

The present church is a modern building, entering between two pillars at the West end, and a small turret for a bell at top. The East end is all along the wall painted in the most paltry style of modern beautification, like the frontispiece of a barn theatre, or alehouse puppet-shew; to represent the sky with a glory; and Jehovah in the middle; Belief; Commandments; pelican feeding her young ones, emblematic of the sacrifice of Christ; communion-table clothed in crimson velvet and gold lace, &c. On each side the altar are two long narrow-arched windows, in which are the arms of Berkeley twice repeated, crosses, paties, ros settes, stars, suns, foliage, tabernacles of niches; a shield with a narrow saltire of spiked thorns, surmounted by four sceptres in cross, conjoined in the fess point at their bases Or, (as I cannot think the saltire to have been raguly, the whole seems to me to have been a complex pun upon the cross, crown of thorns, and kingdom of Christ;) a very fine head of a pilgrim in a light crown and couched hat, turned up before, and an escalop shell in front; and on the opposite window, another head of a nobleman of the 14th century, as is plain by the head-dress. On the same window, Sable, fretty Azure, between every joint a fleur de lis Or, twice repeated, Ermine in a canton Gules, a cross crosslet fitchey, Argent, joined to the stem of the cross; below the transverse beam a square banner of St. George's cross, (badge of a Crusader,) parts of the following letters H. I. HHPS. In the window of the side wall, a lion passant, Or, leaves, stars, foliage, flowers within circular bodies.

The pulpit, on one side of which is the King's arms, has a red velvet cloth, with fringe and a cypher, (M.B.) Mary Blagden, 1723. The benefactions, as too numerous, I omit, adding only, that the table tells us the church was built

a 1722.

There is only one monument in this church (brought from the old one) worthy note. It is a mural tablet on which is Or, on a bend Sable, three escalops Argent, crest a demi-hind saliant, attired and unguled Or. "In memory

of Richard Webb, of Wotton Underedge, gent. who died May 24, 1674, aged 84. His obsequious son Richard Webb set up this monument." (Then some verses.) "And in memory of his virtuous mother Persis, daughter of Anthony Webb, who died 15 years before; viz. April 17, 1659."

On a brass on a flat stone in the church-yard: "Juxta requiescit Reverendus Richardus Nelmes, A. M. C. C. C. apud Oxonienses quondam socius, theologus acutus, medicus sagacissimus, omnibus iis artibus, quæ vitam et ornant et utilissimam reddunt, excelluit. Mors tua, vir præstantissime, ecclesiæ semper luctuosa, patria funesta, bonis omnibus acerba, divinâ illâ quâ enituit scientiâ, quæ, Deo juvante, jam sæpe et feliciter aliorum morbis et languoribus sanitatem restituit, sua solum fata retardare heu frustra tentavit. Medio enim cursu, morte triumphante, natura lugente, correptus, obiit.

Nov. die X

Anno Christi M DCCXXIII

Ætat. XLI.

Hic etiam jacent exuvia Richardi et Catharina Nelmes, filii et filiæ Richardi Nelmes supradicti."

1800, Jan.

T. D. F.

XII. Origin of Winborne, and its splendid Minster.
MR. URBAN,

WINBORNE has many pretensions to the notice of the
Antiquary; but, I believe, has been almost neglected.
Such information as a few hours research has produced is
here subjoined.

It has been usual to attribute to the VINDOCLADIA of the Itinerary the situation of the present Winborne. Camden's authority has sanctified this conjecture, and the opinion has passed current to the present day. However, the many corrections of his commentators prove that he was far from infallible, even where he has spoken from his own

* It auciently signified “ Careful of obsequies or of funeral rites.” Vide Jo. and St. Sh. vi. 483.

observations. It is much more probable that Vindocladia was situate at the present Badbury; which may be established on the following considerations.

It will be easily granted that, where the Romans called any place by a name not significant in their own language, they must have retained the British appellation, smoothing the asperity of the word, and adding a couvenient termination for the purposes of declension*. The idle guesses of Camden make the meaning of the original British word as hopeless as it is unimportant.

A town among the ancient Britons was intended for purposes very different from modern towns. The petty states into which the island was divided seem not to have equalled the size of a modern countyt: and, as they were ever quarrelling, it behoved each state to have a place of security for their wives and cattle when threatened by an invasion of their neighbours. Forests were usually chosen for this purpose; but in open districts some insulated hill was fortified for a refuge. Such was Old Sarum (Sorbiodunum,) such was Badbury; and both of them were improved to Roman purposes by these conquerors. Their towns were garrisons, which collected the tribute of the neighbourhood; and as that tribute was chiefly paid in corn, many granaries must have been necessary to receive this bulky commodity. Hence an immediate appearance of a town must arise in the place to which the Britons were compelled to carry their corn. Some complaints are extant, that money was sometimes extorted by the procurators (the commissaries,) lest the natives should be compelled to carry their corn to distant garrisons instead of those in the neighbourhood.

If any one expects to find the quadrangular form in all Roman earth-works, he unwarily extends the form of the legionary camp to purposes to which it is inadequate. The square was chosen only because their constant discipline thus arranged every soldier in a known place, and prevented the confusion of promiscuous encampment§. A

*Thus Batavia was formed from wat-awe, wet soil; Britannia probably from brat.anac, tin-country, &c.

+ Cantium (Kent) was divided into four principalities; indeed, it probably included part of Sussex.

It is said, that eight hundred small decked vessels were once employed to transport corn from Britain to the legions on the German frontier.

At Hod-hill, near Blandford, is a complete specimen of the legionary

square is by no means adapted to permanent defence; for that a circle is much better, since nothing is weaker than an unflanked angle. Silchester and Old Sarum prove plainly enough that their town fortifications were more frequently in a circular form.

Of Badbury-rings this is a brief account. The two inner rings were the repository of stores and the habitation of the garrison. The space inclosed is about three hundred yards diameter; the area of course about fourteen acres. Without the two inner rings another skirts around at the distance of forty or fifty yards; leaving a space for those of the natives who chose to live under the protection of the garrison, but who could not safely be admitted to reside within its limits. The necessities of the garrison for traders and labourers must soon attract this kind of suburb around them. The outer ring is about a mile round, and, as well as the others, rather exceeds in height and steepness the ramparts of Old Sarum, which has also an inner inclosure for the garrison. The very narrow summit of the ramparts at Badbury proves that it was never walled round; nor, perhaps, was any ancient town where the foss and ramparts are double.

In the rings at Badbury are entrances, one opening on the Roman road to Old Sarum (visible in the beginning of this century*,) another towards Dorchester (Durnovaria,) of which some trace is still extant on the downs. Combined with this second entrance, in the outer ring is a third pointing towards Blandford, and in use to communicate with the stationary camps at Hod-hill and Shilleston, near that place. The evidence of these military roads, and many Roman coins dug up at Badbury, leave no doubt of its being the situation of the ancient Vindocladia of the Itinerary of Antoninus, whose routes are good and valid, though his military distances (like all other Roman numerals) are exceedingly mutilated by copyists.

In Saxon times this place was called Baddan-byrig, the memorial of some chieftain there buried. So usual was this cause of altering an ancient name among the Saxons, that at last the general name of every town became Borough, because it so constantly ended in berig, or bury, a word derived from byrian or byrigean, to bury; whence also rabbit-burrows, and the monumental hillocks called

Bp. Gibson, the translator of Camden, mentions this circumstance, and the coins, on the authority of a neighbouring gentleman, Mr. Anthony Ettrike.