Imatges de pàgina
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“ He and his brother reside in London ;" "I will go if he will accompany me "You are happy because you are good."

The Conjunction Disjunctive serves, not only to connect and continue the sentence, but also to express opposition of meaning in different degrees: as, 66 Though he was frequently reproved, yet, he did not reform;"They came with her, but went away without her.'

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The following is a list of the principal conjunctions:

The Copulative. And, that, both, for, therefore,if,then, since, because, wherefore. The Disjunctive. But, than, though, either, or, as, unless, neither, nor, lest, yet, notwithstanding.

INTERJECTION.

Interjections are words thrown in between the parts of a sentence, to express the passion or emotions of the speaker! as, "O! I have alienated my friend; Alas! I fear for life;" "O virtue; how amiable thou art!"

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The following are some of the Interjections: O pish! heigh! lo! behold! ah! tush! fie! hush! hail!

OF DERIVATION.

Words are derived from one another in various ways, viz.

1. Substantives are derived from verbs: as from "to love" comes "lover "

2. Verbs are derived from substantives,

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adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs: as. from "salt," comes "to sali," from "war" comes "to warm" from "forward" comes "to forward."

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3. Adjectives are derived from substantives: as from "health" comes "healthy." 4. Substantives are derived from adjectives: as, from "white" comes" whiteness." 5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives; as from " "base" comes 66 basely."

SYNTAX.

The third part of Grammar is SYNTAX which treats of the agreement and construc-' tion of words in a sentence.

A sentence is an assemblage of words, forming a complete sense.

Sentences are of two kinds, SIMPLE and

COMPOUND.

A simple sentence has in it but one sih. ject, and one finite verb; as, "Life is short."

A compound sentence contains two or more simple sentences, joined together by cae or more connective words; as, "Lite is short, and art is long."

Aphrase is two or more words rightly put together, making sometimes part of a sentence, and sometimes a whole sentence.

The principal parts of a simple sentence are, the subject, the attribute, and the object. The subject is the thing chiefly spoken

of; the attribute is the thing or action af firmed, or denied of it; and the object is the thing affected by such action.

The nominative denotes the subject, and usually goes before the verb or attribute; and the word or phrase denoting the object, follows the verb: a "a wise man governs his passions." Here a wise man is the subject; governs the attribute, or thing affirmed; and his passions, the object.

Syntax principally consists of two parts Concord and Government.

Concord is the agreement which one word has with another, in gender, number, case.. or person.

Government is that power which one part of speech has over another, in directing its. mood, tense, or case.

RULE I.

A verb must agree with its nominative case, in number and person as, " I learn;" Thou art improved;""The birds sing."

RULE II.

Two or more nouns, &c. in the singular number, joined together by one or more copulative conjunctions, have verbs, nouns, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural number: as, "Socrates and Plato were wise; they were the most eminent philosophers of Greece; "The sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, the rest that we enjoy, daily odmonish us of a superior and superintending power..

RULE III.

The conjunction disjunctive has an effect contrary to that of the conjunction copuiative; for as the verb, noun, or pronoun is referred to the preceding terins taken separately, it must be in the singular number: as, "Ignorance or negligence has caused this mistake;" "John or James or Joseph intends to accompany me." "There is in many minds, neither knowledge nor understanding."

RULE IV.

A noun of multitude, or signifying many, may have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, either of the singular or plural number; yet not without regard to the import of the word, as conveying unity or plurality of idea, as, "The meeting was large;" "The parliament is dissolved;" "The nation is powerful; "My people do not consider: they have not known me ;" "The multitude eagerly pursue pleasure, as their chief good;"The council were divided in their sentiments."

RULE V.

Pronouns must always agree with their antecedents, and the nouns for which they stand, in gender and number; as, "This is the friend whom I love; "That is the vice which I hate." The king and the queen had put on their robes.” "The moon appears and she shines, but the light is not her own."

The relative is of the same person as the antecedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly as "Thou who lovest wisdom," I who speak from experience."

RULE VI.

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The relative is the nominative case the verb, when no nominative comes between it and the verb: as, The master who taught us; "The trees which are planted."

When a nominative comes between the relative and the verb, the relative is governed by some word in its own member of the sentence; as, "He who preserves me, to whom I owe my being, whose I am, and whom I serve, is eternal."

RULE VII.

When the relative is preceded by two nominatives of different persons, the relative and verb may agree in person with elther, according to the sense: as, "I am the man who command you," or, "I am the man who commands you.'

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RULE VIII.

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Every adjective, and every adjective pronoun, belongs to a substantive, expressed or understood as, "He is a good as well as a "Few are happy," that is "persons" "This is a pleasant walk; that is, "This walk is," &c.

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Adjective pronouns must agree, in numbor, with their substantive: as, " This book, these books; that sort, thore sorts; another road, other roads."

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