Ambassadors from Sinope. Discussion as to future Route to be pursued. Xenophon's project of founding a City. Defeated by the Opposition of Timasion and Thorax. Their Proposal to found a Colony on the Phasis. Exasperation of the Soldiers. Xeno- phon pacifies them by proposing a Trial of the Generals. Phi- lesius and others fined. Xenophon is accused, but acquitted. . 195 The Greeks entertain Ambassadors from Paphlagonia. Anti- quities of Sinope. Port of Harmene. Cheirisophus elected Commander-in-chief. Heraclea Pontica. Antiquities and Ruins. divide into three bodies. Bebrycia and Thynia. Xenophon pro- ceeds through the Interior. Port of Calpe. Defeat of the Arcadians. Death of Cheirisophus. Xenophon Commander. Superstitious Procrastination. Engagement with the Bithynians. Arrival of Cleander. Tumult of Dexippus. Agasius vindicates himself. Departure of Cleander. Greeks arrive at Chrysopolis . 211 Inhospitable Reception of the Greeks by Anaxibius, Lacedæ- monian Admiral, and Cleander, Lacedæmonian Governor of By- zantium. Tumult in Byzantium. Cyratades the Theban. En- camp in Thracian Villages. Xenophon sails away with Anaxibius. Anaxibius and Cleander superseded. Xenophon returns to the Greeks. Is well received. Aristarchus opposes their Departure. Greeks enter the service of Seuthes. The Delta of the Thracians. Capture of Salmydessus. Envoys arrive from Thimbron. Greeks cross the Propontis. Xenophon's Poverty. His expensive Sacri- fices. March of the Greks through Troas. Mount Ida. Antan- drus. Plain of Thebes. Xenophon's Successes. Arrival of Thimbron. The Greeks join him in a War against Tissaphernes. BOOK FIRST. Position of the Persian and Greek Empires at the period of the Expedition. Satrapy of Cyrus. Plain of Castolus. Origin of the Expedition. Assembling of Troops. City of Sardis. Colossæ. Celænæ. Sources of the Mæander and Marsyas. Queen of the Cilicians. Fountain of Midas. Review at Tyriæum. Iconium. Excursion in Lycaonia. Passes of Taurus. Dana. Curious Lake. Cilician Gates. City of Tarsus. Rivers Sarus and Pyramus. Issus. Gate of Cilicia and Syria. River Chalus. Syrian Worship of Fish. Palace of Belesis. Ford of the Euphrates (Thapsacus). Desert of Arabia. Natural History. Corsote (Irzáh). Dispute among the Greeks. The Pyle or Gates of Babylonia. Midnight Review. The Trench. Canals of Babylonia. Battle of Cunaxa. Death of Cyrus. Success of the Greeks. Persians Retreat to a Mound or Tell. Greeks Return to their Camp. Treachery of Orontas. THE EXPEDITION OF CYRUS. THE BOOK FIRST. HE conquest of Babylon, and the overthrow of the last of the Chaldæo-Babylonian kings, in the person of the Belshazzar' of the Chaldeans and Jews, the Labynedus of Herodotus, and Nabonadius or Nabonoredus of others, by Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian monarchy; dated 536 or 538 years before Christ. The conquest of Anterior Asia, and the capture of Croesus, the last of the Lydian kings, following upon the defeat of Astyages, and the overthrow of the Medo-Bactrian empire, had occurred about nineteen years before this event. Between Cyrus the Great and Cyrus the younger, to whom the expedition with the ten thousand Greeks relates, there reigned Cambyses from the year 529 B. c. to 522 B.c.; Darius I. 522 B. C. to 486 B. c.; Xerxes I. (Ahasuerus) 86 416-B.C. to 465 B. C.; Artaxerxes I. 465 B. c. to 424 B. C.; and Darius II. (Nothus) 423 B. C. to 404 B. C. Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon), brother to Cyrus the younger, succeeded to the throne in the year 405 B. c., and the battle of Cunaxa took place in the year 401 B. c. The ordinary residence of the kings of the Acheminide (Jemshid), or Persian dynasty, was Babylon; to which was connected Susa, and as the sepulture of the dynasty, Takhti-Jemshíd, the Persepolis of the Greeks. TakhtiSuleïmán, the Ecbatana of Atropatene, had been the capital of the Medo-Bactrian empire. Some historians identify Belshazzar with Evil-Merodach, murder ed by Neriglissar, B. C. 553; others, again, with Neriglissar himself. |