many, placed under the command of General Moreau. Having proceeded in quest of the Austrians, the advanced-guards encountered each other at Haag, where, as at Rosenheim, the imperialists obtained the superiority.

tember, by which the ships of war and | Mentz, was penetrating through Franconia merchantmen of the two powers were to to communicate with the most numerous enjoy a free navigation, without being sub-army that France had ever sent into Ger ject to search; neutral vessels were to be allowed to repair to Alexandria, Malta, and Belleisle, in order to furnish those places with provisions; the blockade of Brest, Cadiz, Toulon, and Flushing was to be raised; and his Catholic majesty, as well as the Batavian republic, was to be admit The Archduke John, now at the head of ted to the benefit of these stipulations. In the imperial army, elevated by these unexreply to these propositions, the English pected successes, collected all his forces, ministry professed their readiness to accede and determined to attack the republicans. to a suspension of hostilities by sea, pro- Early in the morning of the 3d of Decemvided the terms were modified: they would ber, the Austrians marched towards Honot, however, permit the importation of na- henlinden in three columns-the centre val and military stores into the ports of the along the principal road to Munich, and enemy, or the introduction of more provi- the right and the left through the woods on sions at one time than were necessary for each side of the great road. By one of fourteen days consumption. In the midst those accidents by which the fate of batof these discussions, which were protract-tles and of empires is sometimes decided, ed from the 24th of August to the 9th of the left wing of the Austrian army, misled October, the armistice on the continent by a deep fall of snow, which covered the was suffered to expire; and the emperor, ground at that season, bent its march tohimself, who, with the Archduke John, wards Ebersperg, instead of taking the had repaired to the head-quarters of the road to Hohenlinden. The battle comarmy, was under the necessity of purchas-menced about nine o'clock, and the Ausing a new truce, for forty-five days, on terms trians fought with great bravery, but Gene that indicated the critical situation of the ral Richepanse, having pierced between house of Austria, who, as a boon for this the right wing and the centre, threw the short respite, surrendered into the hands of imperialists into disorder, and their disasthe enemy the cities of Philipsburg, Ulm, ters soon became irretrievable. The left and Ingolstadt. Nor was this all, for wing also, being cut off from the main General Brune, now appointed to the com- body, was completely defeated; and the mand of the French army in Italy, taking | right, under General Kienmayer, suffered advantage of the excesses committed by a severely before the banks of the Iser could band of insurgents in the mountainous dis- be attained. On this fatal day, ten thoutricts in the neighbourhood of Arezzo, in- sand men were left on the field by the Ausvaded Tuscany, and on the 15th of Octo- trians, while eight pieces of cannon, and ber entered Florence. A division of his other trophies of victory, fell into the hands army at the same time seized on Leghorn of the republicans. without resistance, Arezzo was soon after- Nor were the French less fortunate in wards taken by storm, and the inhabitants Italy. Macdonald, after scaling the Splufound in arms massacred; while Somma-gen, was prepared to turn the lines of the riva, who commanded the imperialists, conscious of his inferiority, was reduced to the necessity of evacuating the country.

Precisely three weeks after the plenipotentiaries had met at Luneville, for the purpose of renewing the negotiations for peace, a rupture of the armistice took place, and hostilities were once more resumed. The French, unable to force Austria into a separate treaty, and relying on the ascendancy they had obtained, determined to renew the contest. Augereau, at the head of the Batavian army, accordingly crossed to the right bank of the Rhine, while Macdonald, now stationed in the country of the Grisons, prepared to scale the Rhetian Alps, and descend with new succours into Italy.

Augereau, in the mean time, after defeating the raw levies of the Elector of

Mincio and the Adige. General Brune, at the same time, marched against the Austrian army, now commanded by the Count de Bellegarde, who in vain attempted to defend the borders of the Mincio, from Peschiera to Mantua. After losing twentyfour pieces of cannon, and about four thou sand men, the imperialists retreated in considerable disorder, and were followed by the French, who passed the Adige and Brenta in pursuit of them, and encamped within a few leagues of the city of Venice.

At no period of its history, not even in the early part of the reign of Maria Theresa, was the situation of the Austrian monarchy more critical than at this juncture. The French, after the signal victory of Hohenlinden, had crossed the Inn and the Ips, and arriving at Steyer, in Upper Austria,

were within seventeen leagues of Vienna. | ed in Italy on the surrender of Peschiera, The Gallo-Batavian troops at the same Sermione, Verona, Legnano, Ferrara, and time approached the hereditary states by Ancona. advancing along the Danube: Macdonald, in possession of the mountains of the Tyrol, had the option of either descending into Italy or Germany; while Brune, after a campaign of only twenty days, during which he had taken fifteen thousand prisoners, blockaded Mantua, and was ready to penetrate into the mountains of Carinthia, to form a junction with the victorious legions of General Moreau.

The Emperor Francis II. submitting to his hard fortune, and having previously obtained the consent of the cabinet of St. James', found himself under the necessity of suing for a separate peace. The conditions were indeed severe; but as he was now in a worse situation than at the treaty of Leoben, he was obliged to consent to immense sacrifices. The armistice, which was for forty-five days, was executed at Steyer, the head-quarters of General Moreau, on the 25th of December, and by the convention it was stipulated that the Tyrol should be wholly evacuated by the Austrians, and the fortresses of Brunau and Wurtzbourg delivered up to the French. These stipulations were soon after followed by a new engagement, entered into at Treviso, on the 16th of January, 1801, between the Generals Brune and Bellegarde, and by which a cessation of hostilities was obtain

In pursuance of the preliminary articles signed at Luneville on the 26th of the same month, Mantua was also delivered up; and by a definitive treaty, signed on the 9th of February, and ratified by the diet of the empire, on the 7th of September following, the Austrian Netherlands were ceded in perpetuity to France, as well as the whole of the left bank of the Rhine, with the country of Falkenstein and Frickthal. All the principal articles of the treaty of Campo Formio were at the same time confirmed, the Cisalpine and Ligurian republics were recognised, and the dutchy of Tuscany, now converted into a kingdom, under the appellation of Etruria, was bestowed upon Louis I. the hereditary Prince of Parma.

This conclusion of a war which had lasted the same number of years as the siege of Troy, proved a subject of great exultation to the French nation. The first consul hastened to notify the joyful event to the legislative body, the tribunate, and the conservative senate; and while he congratulated the French nation on the one hand, he endeavoured to impress all the countries of Europe with the persuasion, that it was the ambition of England alone which still continued to disturb the tranquillity of mankind.

CHAPTER XVII.

NAVAL CAMPAIGN OF 1800: Blockade of Genoa-Loss of the Queen Charlotte-Attack on Quiberon -Surrender of Goree-Expedition to Ferrol-To Cadiz-Capture of Malta-Surrender of CuracaoConfederacy of the northern Powers-Negotiation with Denmark-Revival of the Treaty of armed Neutrality-CIVIL HISTORY OF FRANCE: Conspiracy against the consular Government-Attempt on the First Consul's life by an Infernal Machine-State of St. Domingo-Election of Pope Pius VII.

larly good fortune of Bonaparte prevented the execution of this design. Lord Keith. however, appeared with a strong squadron off Genoa, and assisted General Melas in conducting the siege of that city. Some ships, detached by the vice-admiral, in conjunction with others sent thither by the King of Naples, contributed greatly to the reduction of the fortress of Savona; and when the imperial commander found it necéssary to convert the attack of Genoa into a blockade, the British cruisers intercepted all supplies, and actually produced a surrender in consequence of the famine that ensued.

THE naval power of Great Britain was France; but the sudden return and singunever more conspicuous than during the present period. So decisive indeed had been her superiority on the ocean, that since the commencement of the war, not less than three hundred and twenty ships had been taken from the French, eightynine from the Dutch, and seventy-five from the Spaniards, of which seventy-eight were of the line; while on the other hand, only forty-nine had been captured from England, and of these, three only were vessels of force. In consequence of our unrivalled dominion on this element, it appears to have been in agitation, at the commencement of the campaign, to make a powerful diversion in favour of the allies, by means of an irruption into the southern provinces of

The fall of this fortress, the second Toulon, as it has been called, of the Mediterra

In the month of April, the island of Goree, on the coast of Africa, a place of great strength and importance, surrendered to Commodore Sir Charles Hamilton, commanding the Ruby and Melpomene ships of war, without the slightest attempt at resistance.

nean, served to console the gallant viceadmiral for the unfortunate loss of the Queen Charlotte, Lord Keith's flag-ship, mounting one hundred and twenty guns, and one of the finest ships in the British navy. On the morning of the 17th of March, being at that time four or five leagues off Leghorn, this stupendous vessel was discovered to be on fire. All the ships in the harbour, foreign as well as English, put off to her relief, and afforded her every possible assistance; but about eleven o'clock she blew up with a tremendous explosion, and suffered in a moment almost total destruction! By this event upwards of six hundred seamen and marines perish-fore proceeded to the coast of Spain, and ed, and of the whole crew not more than one hundred and fifty escaped with their lives, amongst whom was the admiral, who happened at that moment to be on shore.

Towards the middle of the summer, a secret expedition, on a large scale, was fitted out, which in no point of view realized the expectations of the public. The primary object of this formidable armament was the conquest of Belleisle; but the defence appeared too strong to invite, or perhaps to admit, the attempt; the expedition there

army, commanded by Lieutenant-general Sir James Pulteney, reached the shore without the loss of a single man. Sixteen field-pieces, attended by seamen from the men-of-war, to assist in dragging the guns, were landed at the same time. The reserve, followed by the other troops in suc cession as they gained the beach, immediately ascended a ridge of hills, and dislodg

arrived on the 25th of August before the harbour of Ferrol. After a fort of eight twenty-four pounders had been silenced by the fire of the Impetueux, Brilliant, and Cynthia ships of war, a debarkation was In the summer of the present year, the effected during the evening, in a small openwestern departments of France were fre- ing near Cape Prior, under the superintendquently menaced by the appearance of hos-ence of Sir Edward Pellew, and the whole tile armaments, and kept în continual alarm by partial debarkations. Sir Edward Pellew, in the Impetueux, with a flying squadron, and three troop-ships, made an attack | on Quiberon, on the 4th of June. The Thames and Cynthia having cannonaded the south-west end, and silenced some batteries, Major Ramsay landed with a small body of soldiers and destroyed them; but fort Penthievre proved too strong to be re-ed a party of the enemy, who had been staduced. The same commander was also tioned at that place to resist their advance. successful in an attempt upon the Morbihan, At daybreak the following morning, a having seized several sloops and gun-ves- more considerable body of Spaniards was sels, and burned a national corvette of forced to retire by the Earl of Cavan's eighteen guns, by means of a detachment brigade, so that the English remained in from the Queen's regiment, assisted by the complete possession of the heights of Brion gun-launches under Lieutenant Pinfold. and Balon, which command the town of Sir John Borlase Warren also succeeded Ferrol, and the ships of war in its capacious in an attack on a convoy at anchor near a harbour. In this prosperous state of affairs, fort within the Penmarks; and in the de- and at the moment when the army expect struction of fifteen sail of merchantmen, and ed to advance, a retreat was ordered to be four armed vessels intended for their pro- effected by the general, who, as he remarks tection, within the sands of Boverneuf bay. in his official despatch, published in the These exploits, combined with many others London Gazette of the 6th of September, of a similar nature, were calculated to an-"had now an opportunity of observing noy the commerce of the enemy, and to put minutely the situation of the place, and of an actual stop to their coasting trade; but forming, from the reports of prisoners, an what was of still greater importance, they idea of the strength of the enemy; when intercepted the supplies of wine, brandy, comparing the difficulties that presented flour, and provisions, intended for the fleet themselves, and the risk attendant on a at Brest. On the 7th of July, Captain In- failure on the one hand, with the prospect man, of the Andromeda, with a detachment of success, and the advantage to be derived of armed vessels and fire-ships, made an from it on the other, he came to the deterattack on four frigates, one of which car-mination to re-embark the troops, in order ried a broad pendant, anchored in Dunkirk roads, and Captain Campbell, of the Dart, succeeded in boarding and capturing one of them, which proved to be La Desiree, of forty guns, but the rest cut their cables and took refuge within the Braak sand.

to proceed without delay on the further destination." The embarkation of the troops and artillery was effected, by the indefatigable exertions of the captains of the squadron, without loss; and in the words of Sir John Borlase Warren, to

whom the command of the squadron was confided, "the ships and convoy proceeded in execution of their orders."

Soon after this failure on the coast of Galicia, another expedition, equally unsuccessful, was directed against the province of Andalusia. The city of Cadiz, now afflicted with an epidemical distemper, exactly similar to the plague, was threatened at the same time with a visit from a powerful armament. This force consisted of the squadron in the Mediterranean, amounting to twenty-two ships of the line, and twentyseven frigates, with eighty-four transports and other vessels, making, in all, a fleet of one hundred and three sail, and having on board an army of twenty thousand men. Having, on the 6th of October, come to anchor in the bay of Cadiz, Don Thomas de Morla, the governor, immediately addressed a letter to the British admiral, in which he expressed his surprise at the arrival of a hostile squadron during the prevalence of a disease which "carried off thousands of victims, and threatened not to suspend its ravages till it had cut off all those who had hitherto escaped."

"I have too exalted an opinion of the English people, and of you in particular," adds the governor," to think that you would wish to render our condition more deplorable. However, if in consequence of the orders your excellency has received, you are inclined to attract the execration of all nations, to cover yourself with disgrace in the eyes of the universe, by oppressing the unfortunate, and attacking those who are supposed to be incapable of defence; I declare to you, that the garrison under my orders, accustomed to behold death with a serene countenance, and to brave dangers greater than all the perils of war, know how to exhibit a resistance that shall not terminate but with their entire destruction. I hope," continued he, " that the answer of your excellency will inform me, whether I am to speak the language of consolation to the unfortunate inhabitants, or whether I am to rouse them to indignation and revenge.”

the misfortunes of neighbouring nations, your crews and officers shall be set at liberty, and our fleet shall withdraw. Otherwise, we must act conformably to the orders which have been given to us, and your excellency cannot attribute to any other than yourself, the additional evils which you fear."

The brave Spaniard having stigmatized this proposal, as "insulting to the person to whom it was addressed, and but little honourable to those from whom it proceeded;" an attack now appeared inevitable, and every thing was prepared for effecting a landing, under the direction of Captain Cochrane, assisted by Captains Stevenson, Morrison, Lamour, and Ascough, but the weather proved so unfavourable that it was deemed proper to desist, and the enterprise was, in consequence, altogether abandoned.

Two other occurrences, more fortunate in their result, remain to be mentioned. Malta, so unjustly seized by Bonaparte in the course of his expedition to Egypt, had now experienced a blockade of two years, both by sea and land, during which time General Vaubois, the French governor, had been summoned not less than eight different times. At length, all hopes of receiving attempt was made to save two frigates, La supplies from France having vanished, an Diane and La Justice, in the harbour, but the former, while making an effort to escape, was overtaken and captured, while the latter, under cover of the night, was successful enough to elude the vigilance of the British squadron, and to effect her escape to France. A few days after this, General Vaubois assembled a council of war in the national palace; and it appearing that the magazines of provisions had been entirely exhausted for more than a month; that the liquors of all kinds were nearly expended; and that bread, the only food remaining for the garrison and the citizens, must fail in the course of a week, it was determined to capitulate, and on the 5th of September, the island was surrendered into the hands of the British. The possession of this island, although a subject of great exultation, became productive of much evil; for having first excited the resentment of one of our allies, it next led to That a number of his Catholic majesty's vessels are armed, in order to join the naval force of the the northern confederacy, and was ultimateFrench, and to be employed in prolonging the trou-ly made one of the most ostensible causes bles which affect all the nations of Europe, disturb of the rupture of the peace of Amiens. public order, and destroy the happiness of individuals. "We have," added they, "received orders from our sovereign, to use every effort to defeat the projects of the common enemy, by endeavouring to take and destroy the ships of war which are in the harbour and arsenal of Cadiz. The number of troops intrusted to our command, leaves but little doubt of the success of the enterprise. We are not disposed to multiply unnecessarily the evils inseparable from war. Should your excellency consent to give up to us the vessels armed or arming in order to act against our king, and to prolong VOL. I. 2 Z

In answer to this interesting letter, a joint reply was returned, in the name of Sir R. Abercrombie and Lord Keith, in which, after expressing a due compassion for the deplorable state of the city of Cadiz, they observed,

31

On the 13th of the same month, the island of Curaçao, in the West Indies, one of the few remaining colonies of the Batavian republic, following the example of Surinam, voluntarily placed itself under the protection of the arms of his Britannic majesty, 7, upon conditions highly advantageous to the inhabitants.

But in the midst of these successes, a storm was gathering in the north, which,

after hovering for some time over Great Britain, threatened to burst on that country and involve it in ruin. No sooner had the Emperor of Russia received information of the surrender of Malta to the British navy, than he applied to the minister of Great Britain to obtain possession of the island, in conformity with an agreement made in the year 1798. But by this time the conduct of the northern courts began to rouse the jealousy of England, and Paul Petro-quences. Although the armed vessels of witz himself had given umbrage to the only power which could have gratified the first wish of his heart, by conferring upon him the grand-mastership of Malta, and the command of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.