were also made by the Generals Craddock |nated with the fall of Alexandria. The exand Moore, who obtained possession of ertions of every branch of the public sersome fortified heights on the right; while vice were splendid and meritorious. The Colonel Spencer maintained his position on army in Egypt gratified the warmest wisha hill, whence he had driven a body of the es and expectations of their country, and enemy by means of a charge of bayonets, the seasonable and efficient co-operation of with about two hundred of the 30th regi- the navy entitled them to a participation in ment. Seven sloops of war having entered the laurels gathered by their countrymen. the western harbour of Alexandria in con- The nation which had sent forth this band sequence of the reduction of the fort, Major- of gallant warriors, was not slow in remugeneral Coote determined to move forward nerating their services. A monument was and to occupy an advanced position. The voted, to perpetuate the services of Sir Ralph troops, being now supported by the armed Abercrombie, while his widow and son vessels under Captain Cochrane, as well were gratified with a peerage, and a penas by the flotilla on the lake, commanded sion of two thousand pounds a year. Maby Captain Stevenson, advanced in three jor-general Sir J. Hely Hutchinson, who columns, under a heavy fire of cannon and claimed so little but deserved so much of small arms, forcing the enemy, who had the honour of the campaign, in addition to abandoned their wounded, as well as seven the ensigns of the Bath, received the rank pieces of cannon, to retreat before them.* of lieutenant-general, and was created a Two days after this, batteries were opened baron of Great Britain, with two thousand against the redoubt de Bain; and in the pounds a year annexed to the patent. Adcourse of the succeeding night, Lieutenant-miral Lord Keith was advanced to the hocolonel Smith succeeded in an attempt to nour of the British peerage, while on Masurprise the advanced-guard. In this ex- jor-general Coote was conferred the honour tremity, General Menou, being closely of the order of the Bath. The thanks of pressed by the commander-in-chief on the both houses of parliament were voted to the east, and Major-general Coote on the west army and navy; and each regiment which side of the city, and despairing of any re- had served during this campaign, was perlief, in consequence of the failure of the ex-mitted to add an embroidered Sphinx to its pedition under Gantheaume, deemed it prudent to capitulate. A negotiation for that purpose was accordingly entered into, and the same terms granted as to the garrison of Cairo; and on the 30th of August the English took possession of the intrenched camp, the heights above Pompey's Pillar, and Fort Triangular. colours, and to have "EGYPT" inscribed in the field. At Constantinople, the inhabitants and the court manifested on this occasion the most enthusiastic joy; the cannon of the seraglio were fired, the city was splendidly illuminated, and the grand signior, to testify his gratitude, established the order of the Crescent; and Lords HutchThe glorious campaign in Egypt termi-inson, Keith, and Elgin, with Admiral An interesting incident happened at this stage of the siege. An old man working on the parapet of a redoubt was struck by a cannon-ball, which took off both his legs. He fell into the arms of his own son, a corporal in the same regiment. The captain pacha, hearing of this cir cumstance, sent the veteran sufferer a handful of sequins, with an assurance that care should be taken of him for life, but he expired soon after the amputation. Bickerton, and Majors-general Coote and Baird, were admitted to the honours of this new order of knighthood, while fifty gold medals were struck, and distributed among the officers of the army who had particularly distinguished themselves. During this arduous contest, the English army lost in killed twenty-two officers, and five hundred and five privates. The loss + Return of the killed, wounded, and missing, in the British army, during the campaign in Egypt. Officers. Qr. mrs. Sergeants Drms. | Rank & File Horses. of the French in the campaign of 1801 | department in this disastrous expedition, amounted, in killed and prisoners, to up- and in addition to fifteen ships of the line wards of six thousand; and their whole taken or destroyed, eight frigates, and two loss during the three years that they re- hundred sail of merchantmen, were lost to mained in possession of Egypt, amounted their country: and of the whole number of to not less than thirty thousand men. In French troops sent into Egypt with the addition to which, they lost, in the differ- first expedition, and landed in that country ent actions and fortresses, one thousand at various periods during its occupation by and three pieces of cannon, and nearly five the enemy, only twenty-four thousand rehundred unserviceable pieces. In the na- turned to their native country. val they suffered equally with the military CHAPTER XX. Threat of Invasion-Spirit of the English Nation-French Influence upon the Continent-The Elector of Bavaria, the Ottoman Porte, and his Holiness the Pope, conclude Treaties with France-NAVAL CAMPAIGN: Conquest of the Enemy's Settlements in the East and West Indies-Repulse of the English Fleet under Sir James Saumarez at Algezira, and the loss of the Hannibal-Victory off Algezira-Minor Exploits of the British Navy-Unsuccessful Attack on the French Flotilla in the Harbour of Boulogne-Preliminary Treaty of Peace signed in London-Ratified by the First Consul Congress at Amiens-Definitive Treaty-Restoration of a general Peace. WHILE the possession of Egypt was as yet uncertain, the consular government determined to direct all its efforts against the only enemy either unsubdued or unhumbled by the arts and arms of France. Large bodies of troops were accordingly collected in the maritime departments of France; ships, guns, and flat-bottomed boats were built and equipped; the ports of Belgium and of Holland were crowded with armed vessels; and the variety and extent of the preparations evidently indicated a hostile attempt against Great Britain. This menace was first recurred to during the reign of Louis XIV. and not unfrequently practised in that of his succes sors. But at this epoch, when Great Britain possessed an immense superiority in respect to naval force, and had actually blockaded all the principal ports of the enemy, it is difficult to conceive how a flotilla, filled with troops, insufficient to alarm, far less to subdue a powerful nation, could cross even the narrow seas, without being intercepted by the numerous squadrons which were connected by a chain of cruisers so disposed as to surround the coasts, and shut up all the harbours belonging to the French and Dutch. In the mean time, camps had been formed at Bruges, Gravelines, Boulogne, Brest, Granville, Cherburg, and St. Maloes, and the deeds about to be performed by those armies which had forced the passage of the Bormida, the Danube, the Inn, and the Salza, and gained the battles of Marengo and Hohenlinden, were vaunted in the proclamations and manifestoes of the rulers of France. They affected to consider the English as a nation rendered effeminate by wealth, and unwar82 like by commerce; and it was confidently predicted that the steel of the French would prove more than a match for the gold of the Britons. * RETURN of the disposal of the French army in Egypt, by the British and Turkish forces : Killed in the different actions, and Military Civil dead of their wounds, 3000 686 On the other hand, the whole island was in motion; and from Penzance to the Orkneys, as well as from the shores of the German ocean to the confines of St. George's channel, one uniform spirit of patriotic defiance was breathed by the inhabitants. At this critical period, the vo lunteer battalions and companies were increased, a numerous and respectable body of yeoman cavalry was formed, the fenci ble regiments were disciplined into a knowledge of the military art, and the militia, of prayer was introduced; and the holy father covenanted in behalf of himself and his successors, that those who had acquired the alienated property of the church should not be disturbed. By a concordat, agreed to soon afterwards, the apostolical and Roman faith was declared to be the religion of the state, and the Catholics were to pay one-tenth of their taxes to defray the expense of public worship. But, on the other hand, its processions and ceremonies were to be subjected to the civil power, while the chief consul was to be declared the head of the Gallican church, and the bishops and priests were to make a solemn promise of fidelity.† The chief magistrate of France, surrounded by a brilliant assemblage of troops, affected to blend all the state of the ancient kings of France with that of the emperors of the west; being surrounded by numerous guards, attended by the prefects of the palace, and appearing on great occasions alone in the presence of the people. Foreign potentates and princes bent before The naval campaign of the present year the consular chair, and the dictum of mo- was, as usual, brilliant on the part of Great dern Gaul appeared to regulate the move- Britain; and the fleets, squadrons, and dements of the whole continent. Those con- tachments, whether employed for home detinental powers which had waged war fence, or occupied in distant quarters of the against the republic, were now eager to globe, distinguished themselves by their supplicate for peace, and ready to submit zeal and devotion to the glory of their to any terms which the victor thought fit country. On the western side of the Atto impose. The Elector Palatine of Ba-lantic, the naval power of Britain retained varia about this time negotiated a treaty, its wonted and resistless superiority. In by which he renounced the dutchies of Juliers, Deux Ponts, and their dependencies, together with the bailiwick of the palatinate of the Rhine, situated upon the left bank of that river. The surrender of Alexandria, and the consequent evacuation of Egypt, soon afterwards produced a peace between France and the Ottoman Porte; and it was expressly stipulated, that whatever indulgence might be granted to any power in that quarter of the globe, should be extended to the republic, while all former treaties were to be considered as renewed. the month of March, Admiral Duckworth made an easy capture of the Swedish island of St. Bartholomew, as well as of the Danish settlements of St. Thomas and Santa Cruz, which were of course restored to those powers, in virtue of the treaty of St. Petersburg. The islands of St. Martin and St. Eustatia were also reduced nearly at the same time, and with the same facility; while in the east, the Batavian settlement of Ternate, the chief of the Molucca islands, surrendered on the 21st of June, after a vigorous resistance, to a small squa *"Domine, salvam, fac rempublicam; Domine, salvos fac consules." + Substance of the CONCORDATUM between Bo naparte and the pope. 1. The catholic, apostolical, and Romish religion shall be declared the religion of the state. But the policy of Bonaparte was still more eminently displayed by a pacification with another power, an intimate alliance with which contributed not a little to the tranquillity of France. By a convention with the pope, ratified on the 10th of September, 1801, the first consul was not only 2. This religion shall be protected in its exterior acknowledged to possess all the privileges worship and its ceremonies; with the exception of the ancient monarchy, so far as concern of the processions, which shall not take place, but ed public worship, but new and essential when the prefects shall judge that they will not immunities were obtained for the Gallican be attended with inconvenience.-3. The chief church. His holiness agreed to procure consul is declared head of the Gallican church. the resignation of the prelates who had ad-4. All the bishoprics of France shall be vacated, hered to the old establishment, and the chief magistrate was to nominate to the vacant sees. A new and more suitable formula 135,000 but the former titular bishops shall receive new bulls on the presentation of the chief consul.-5. The bishops, priests, and curates shall make the promise of fidelity.-6. Three prelates shall neve have leave to return to France, viz. the cardinal of Rohan and Montmorency, and the bishop of Arras.-7. Upon the publication of the concordatum, there shall be established in each arrondissement an office, where the Catholics shall inscribe 193,187 their names, and where they shall pay, to defray 78,046 the expenses of public worship, a tenth of their 31,415 taxes.-8. All the parochial churches shall be restored to the communes.-9. In the approaching nomination of cardinals, three hats shall be given 437,648 to France upon the presentation of the chief consul 33 dron of armed vessels, under the command | mentary shade over the reputation of the of Captain Hayes. British admiral, who was ardently impatient for an opportunity to avenge his country, and to re-establish his own renown. By the indefatigable exertions of the British officers and seamen, who received every assistance from the garrison of Gibraltar, the whole squadron, with the exception of the Pompee, was speedily refitted and ready for sea, when a new and more propitious opportunity occurred of distinguishing their valour. The three sail of French line-of-battle ships engaged in the late action, had been reinforced by five more, under the command of Don Juan Joaquin de Moreno, as well as by a French seventy-four, carrying a broad pendant.* These vessels, together with the Hannibal, which was with some difficulty warped into deep water, and a number of frigates and gun-boats, got under weigh with an intention of returning to Cadiz safe, in consequence of their numbers, and assur In the Mediterranean, two severe actions took place, the first of which proved unfortunate, but the second removed the tarnish from the British arms, and restored them to their usual lustre. Admiral Sir James Saumarez, one of the most brave and skilful officers in the British navy, commanded a squadron of ten ships of the line, which blockaded the port of Cadiz. Receiving intelligence that three French line-of-battle ships and a frigate were lying at anchor in the road of Algezira, under cover of the batteries on shore, he conceived the bold design of attacking them in that situation. On the 6th of July, he proceeded with six sail of the line, under a favourable breeze, in the sanguine hope of capturing the French ships, but on a sudden the wind failed, and the English squadron could not, with every effort, engage the enemy in a regular or close action. The Hannibal, Captain Ferris, in bearing up, unfortunate-ed, as they imagined, of an easy victory, ly took the ground in a position where she lay exposed to a tremendous fire from one of the land batteries. Admiral Saumarez, perceiving the dangerous situation in which the Hannibal was placed, made an attempt to silence the battery, by running his own ship between her and the shore: but this manœuvre did not succeed, for being himself placed at a distance of only three cables' length from another battery, the admiral was compelled to retire, and to his inexpres-shore, the Superb accordingly made sail, sible chagrin, to leave the Hannibal a prey and began the engagement at eleven o'clock to the enemy: Captain Ferris, although at night, by firing on several of the eneat length forced to strike, maintained the contest with distinguished constancy, and suffered a loss of three hundred and fortythree men in killed and wounded, before he surrendered his vessel into the hands of the enemy.(47) in case of a contest with a detachment which had been so recently foiled. Notwithstanding the great inferiority of his force, Sir James Saumarez once more hoisted the signal for battle, and followed the enemy, who had just cleared Cabareta point, at eight o'clock in the evening of the 13th of July. Captain Keates having received orders to attack the sternmost ship, and keep between the fleet and the * COMBINED SQUADRON. S. Augustin 74 Don R. Jopete. 74 (French broad pendant) 84 74 84 This vessel returned The French, unaccustomed to triumph on the ocean, seemed much elated with this advantage, which their public prints magnified into a great naval victory; three of their ships of war having, as they asserted, beaten six of the English, and the destruction of the modern Carthage was predicted from the loss of her Hannibal! Besides four frigates, and two armed vessels and The failure of this enterprise cast a mo (47) When the numbers of the opposing squadrons are considered, this may be ranked among the most brilliant events of the war. Admiral Linois, the French commander, had under him three sail ne, and one frigate-the British force was Besides the capture of the Hannibal, of 74 guns, the French historians state, that another of the British vessels struck her colours, although she contrived afterwards to escape; and that the whole British loss amounted to fifteen hundred men.-Relation des Battailes, &c. tom. i. p. 93, &c. Hannibal gun-boats. to Algezira before the action. on and rewarded with a pension of twelve hundred pounds a year.(48) In During the naval campaign of this year, Captain Rowley Bulteel, in the Belliqueux, with a convoy of East-Indiamen, which were mistaken by the enemy for men of war, captured the French frigates, La Concorde and La Medee, the former of forty-four, and the latter of thirty-six guns, in the neighbourhood of Brazil, forming part of a squadron which had committed great depredations on the coast of Africa. The fleet, under Vice-admiral Rainier in the East Indies, seized a number of valuable prizes, particularly two Dutch ships in the neighbourhood of Java. Captain T. Manby in the Bourdelois, belonging to Rear-admiral Duckworth's detachment in the West Indies, nearly about the same time dispersed a small armament fitted out by Victor Hughes for the purpose of intercepting the outward-bound convoy. the Mediterranean, an action singularly severe was fought on the 10th of February, between the Phoebe, Captain R. Barlow, and the French frigate, L'Africaine, of forty-four guns and seven hundred and fif teen men, of whom many were soldiers bound for Egypt; the commander of the frigate, though incapable of contending with the British vessel, would not yield until his ship became a mere wreck, with five feet water in her hold; all his guns were also dismounted, and his decks crowded with the dying and the dead; the number of the latter amounted to two hundred, and the wounded to one hundred and forty-three, while the loss on board the Phoebe amounted only to one killed and twelve wounded. Lord Cochrane, in the Speedy sloop, of fourteen four-pounders my's ships, which formed a cluster, and in consequence of the darkness engaged with each other through mistake. The Cæsar, in the course of a few minutes, began also to open on a Spanish three-decker that had hauled her wind; but the Spanish ship was soon afterwards observed to be in flames, and shortly afterwards ran on board another vessel of the same force, to which the conflagration extended with uncommon rapidity, so that, after the lapse of a short but awful period, they both blew up. These vessels proved to be the San Herminigeldo and the Real Carlos, each of one hundred and twelve guns, and twelve hundred and fifty men, the former carrying the admiral's flag, and both of them officered from the noble families in Spain. In the mean time, the English commander, perceiving from the first that these ships could present no formidable resistance during the rest of the action, passed to the aid of the Superb, Captain Keates, then engaged with the St. Antonio, of seventy-four guns, carrying the broad pendant of Commodore Le Roy, which had been before silenced, and now struck her colours. After the firing had ceased, it became so dark, that none of the enemy's squadron were visible; the Casar, however, continued her course during a heavy gale, in chase of the remainder of | the fleet, and at the approach of the morning could only discover one French ship, which proved to be the Formidable, of eighty-four guns, endeavouring to reach the channel leading through the shoals of Conil. But as the wind suddenly failed at this moment, one ship alone was enabled to bring her to action; and Captain Hood, after a spirited engagement, had nearly silenced the enemy, when his mainmast, which had been wounded before, was un(48) It is difficult to discover on what particular fortunately shot away, and a calm ensuing, grounds these honours were bestowed upon Sir the Formidable effected her escape into James Saumarez. In this country, pensions and Cadiz. The Venerable soon afterwards titles are fortunately unknown, but, we presume, struck on a bank, and was for some time the thanks of Congress would never have been voted to an officer who had been defeated by a threatened with shipwreck, but fortunately force inferior by one half to his own; and who, she was at length extricated from her peri- in a subsequent encounter, with more equal numlous situation, with the loss of her mast bers, gained no additional eclat. The French only, and returned with the fleet to Gibral- force, according to their historians, consisted of tar. Thus ended an action, in which the nine sail of the line, two of which put back to Algezira. In the confusion of the night, two of the superiority of the enemy was immense; largest vessels, after mistaking each other for and although the confused state of the an enemy, took fire, and were totally consumed. fleet, and the accidental destruction of two Five sail were thus left to combat the four Engfirst-rates, rendered the victory less diffi-lish vessels, but in consequence of the darkness cult, yet the original design of the admi- of the night, no general engagement took place. Four of the Spanish vessels sailed into Cadiz ral to engage ten sail of the line, with one without opposition; the fifth, the Formidable, eighty and four seventy-four gun ships, found herself at daybreak in the vicinity of evinced a degree of gallantry which reflect-three British vessels of the line. One of these ed honour on the English name; and Sir James Saumarez was gratified with the thanks of the two houses of parliament, (the Pompee) was totally dismasted in a few minutes, and after a severe engagement with the other two, Admiral Linois succeeded in getting into Cadiz.-Relation des Battailes, &c. tom. i. p. 94 |