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APPENDIX. (LUCIEN BONAPARTE.)

prince of Asturia; but the proposal was rejected. Mademoiselle Tascher (who afterwards became the wife of the duke of Arenberg, but is now divorced) was next offered to prince Ferdinand; but the prince refused her, because he wished to connect himself with Napoleon's family only. By this opposition Lucien excited the anger of the emperor, and became desirous to repair to the U. States, in order to remain undisturbed. He applied to Mr. Hill, the English ambassador at the Sardinian court, for passports from the English government, and, having received satisfactory assurances from him, embarked, August 5, 1810, at Cività Vecchia, with his family, a retinue of 35 persons, and his personal property. A storm compelled him to put into Cagliari; but the English agent at that place denied him passports, and he was not even permitted to land. On leaving the harbor, his vessel was seized, and Mr. Adair, who was then proceeding to Constantinople as British ambassador, caused him, at Mr. Hill's suggestion, to be conveyed to Malta, where Lucien assigned to the London cabinet, as the sole motive for his departure to America, the wish to live there in safety, as a private individual. He was not, however, permitted to repair thither, but was taken to England, in December of the same year, where he was treated with respect. Lord Powis, at first, gave up to him his seat of Stonehouse, at Ludlow; he then removed to a seat which he had purchased in Worcester, where he remained under surveillance, having an English colonel for a companion. Some time after, the question was moved in parliament whether Lucien Bonaparte, as he had actually believed that he had obtained English passports, was to be considered as a prisoner of war. Af ter protracted debates, he was declared a prisoner of war, on the ground that he had not renounced the dignity of French senator; but no alteration was made in his treatment. Napoleon's downfall, in 1814, restored him to liberty, and he returned to Rome. While in London, he published his epic poem, Charlemagne, où l'Église délivrée (in 24 cantos, dedicated to the pope). Napoleon's opinion of this poem may be found in Las Cases' Mémorial. When Napoleon had regained possession of the French throne, after his return from Elba, Lucien, at the suggestion of the pope, proceeded to meet the emperor, in order to obtain an order that Murat, who then occupied Rome, should evacuate the States of the Church (with the exception of a military road through the Mark of

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Ancona). This order he obtained at an interview with Napoleon. All the other requests which he made in favor of the pope were also granted, after which he remained in Paris. Lucien then had to enter the chamber of peers, where he sat, not among the princes, but among the other peers. The second class of the national institute, of which he was a member, sent a deputation to welcome himn. In this deputation was Suard, who, in February, 1815, had made the proposal, received with dissatisfaction by all the members, to exclude Lucien from their body, because he bore the name of Bonaparte. The second restoration of Louis XVIII compelled him to return to Rome; but the Austrian general, count Bubna, caused him to be confined in the citadel of Turin, where he was treated with re spect. The allies restored him his free dom, in September, 1815, on his declaration, Qu'il s'était constamment opposé aux vues ambitieuses de son frère et qu'en dernier lieu il ne s'était joint à lui qu'afin de le ramener à des sentimens de modération, and on the mediation of the pope, though the papal see was obliged to pledge itself that neither he nor any one of his family should leave the States of the Church. He has since lived in Rome, or on his estates in the neighborhood, among which the Ruffinella has become the seat of the most refined taste. In 1817, Lucien solicited passports, for himself and one of his sons, to the U. States, which were, however, refused by the ministers of the allied powers. His son, Charles Bonaparte, was finally permitted to go to the U. States, and lived there,for some time with his uncle Joseph (q. v.), whose eldest daughter he married. He published, whilst in the U. States, his splendid work on American Ornithology, and was elected member of the philosophical society at Philadelphia, and that of natural history. He has since returned to Europe. His title is prince of Musignano.-Distinguished as were Lucien's talents as an orator, his poetical powers were far less splendid. In 1819, he published at Rome a second heroic poem, in 12 cantos-La Cyrnéide, ou la Corse sauvée-in which be celebrates the expulsion of the Saracens from Corsica (anciently Cyrnos). By the ordinance of March 21, 1816, Lucien was excluded from the list of the members of the French academy. The Mémoires sur la Vie pri vée, politique et littéraire de Lucien Bonaparte, Prince de Canino, rédigés sur sa Correspondance et sur des Pièces authentiques et inédites (London, 1818, and Paris.

5.90

APPENDIX. (LUCIEN BONAPARTE-MADISON.)

1819, 2 vols.), of which Alfonse de Beauchamp is mentioned by some as the author, was first printed in London, in 1815, but immediately suppressed. It was published, for the second time in London, by Colburn, in 1819, and, on the whole, contains valuable contributions to the history of the day. Lucien has made important excavations on his estate near Montalto, in the ancient Etruria (see the article Etruria), and has published an account of the collection of antiquities obtained, under the title Muséum Étrusque de Lucien Bonaparte, fouillés de 1828-1829 (with 40 plates of the inscriptions), and has also begun a splendid work, in folio, which will contain a hundred colored plates, representing the paintings on the excavated Etruscan vases, &c. The latter appears in monthly numbers, of five plates each, sold by Piatti in Florence. According to the latest accounts, his family had arrived in England, where he was expected soon to follow them.

MADISON, James; a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church in Virginia, was born August 27, 1749, near Port Republic, in the county of Rockingham, Virginia. His father was for a long time clerk of the extensive district known as West Augusta, of which Rockingham county formed a part. At an early age, the son was sent to an academy in Maryland, where he remained for several years, and received instruction in the classics. He then entered the college of William and Mary, where he was matriculated in 1768, and from which he obtained several honorable testimonials of his proficiency. One was the gold medal assigned by lord Botetourt for the encouragement of classical learning, which was awarded to him in 1772. He studied law under Mr. Wythe, and was admitted to the bar; but he never relished the profession, so that, after one successful effort in an admiralty case, he abandoned it, and devoted himself to the church. In 1773, he was chosen professor of mathematics in William and Mary college, and, in 1777, was made president of that institution, being then but 28 years of age. The statutes of the college required that the president should be 30, but the rule was suspended in his favor. In the same year, he visited England, in order to qualify himself still more for the duties of his station. He continued abroad, principally in London, until the latter part of 1778, and during his absence enjoyed the advantage of the aid and instruction of Cavallo in natural philosophy, and of other

distinguished men in various branches of science. On his return home, he took charge of the college, and commenced that long career of usefulness, which entitles him to be considered as one of the greatest benefactors of Virginia. Throughout the whole revolutionary war, he was unceasing in his exertions to sustain the college; and it was only for a short period during the struggle, that its exercises were intermitted, viz. the autumn preceding and the winter and spring succeeding the siege of Yorktown. Until 1784, he was not only president, but professor of mathematics and natural philosophy. In that year, he gave up the mathematical department, and became professor of natural and moral philosophy, of the laws of nature and nations, &c., and continued in this office until the period of his death. In 1788, he was chosen bishop of the Protestant Episcopal church, and in the following year again went to England for the purpose of consecration. Whilst there, he formed an extensive acquaintance amongst the most distinguished literati, with many of whom he kept up an uninterrupted correspondence during the subsequent part of his life. At the end of eight months, he returned to the U. States. Various universities and literary societies subsequently conferred their honors on him. Under the care of bishop Madison, the college of William and Mary advanced steadily in reputation, and became the alma mater of many eminent men. He was indefatigable in his lectures, and, when in good health, is known to have been engaged in the lecture-room from four to six hours every day throughout each week. He first introduced a course of systematic lectures on political economy into the college. In the department of natural philosophy, he excelled; his enthusiasm there throwing a peculiar charm over his lectures. As a bishop, also, he was ardent in the performance of his duties, and his sermons caused him to be ranked among the first pulpit orators of this country. This excellent man died March 6, 1812, in his 63d year, after a painful illness of many months. His remains were deposited, by vote of the faculty of William and Mary's college, in the chapel hall, and a marble monument was erected over them. In person, bishop Madison was tall and slender, of a delicate constitution; and nothing but the most temper ate and abstemious habits could have prolonged his life to threescore years. In disposition, he was mild and benevolent, and few men have equally deserved

APPENDIX. (MADISON-MICA.)

esteem for virtues social, domestic and personal. His manners were simple, but courteous and winning. He was a devoted friend to our revolution and to liberal principles of government. The eulogium which bishop Madison pronounced upon general Washington is one of the finest discourses called forth by the death of that illustrious man.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THE U. STATES. The first Methodist society in the U. States was formed in New York, in 1766, by some Methodist emigrants from Ireland. Their numbers increased so rapidly that, in 1768, they erected a meeting-house. Several preachers were soon after sent out from England, and the first conference was held at Philadelphia, in 1773, under the superintendence of Thomas Rankin, who had been appointed, by Wesley, to the general oversight of the societies in this country. During the war, all the English preachers, except Mr. Asbury, returned home. At the close of the revolution (1784), the societies having been hitherto dependent on other churches for the administration of the ordinances, as their teachers were merely lay preachers, Wesley sent out doctor Coke with directions to consecrate Mr. Asbury superintendent or bishop of the American church, which was done at a conference held in Baltimore, in 1784: twelve of the preachers were, at the same time, ordained elders. The form of government is Episcopal; the title, the Methodist Episcopal church. Three orders of ministers are recognised-deacons, elders and bishops. Any person who thinks himself moved by the Holy Ghost to preach the gospel, on application to his preacher, is licensed, if judged fit, to exhort; after exercising his talents as an exhorter for sufficient length of time, he is licensed as a local preacher by the local preachers' conference, and may be admitted as a travelling preacher by the annual conference. After travelling two years, he is ordained a deacon, and in two years inore becomes an elder." The local preachers above-mentioned are persons occupied with some secular business, who preach on Sundays. The annual conferences are meetings composed of all the travelling preachers, in full connexion, or who are to be received into full connexion. There are at present nineteen. The general conference is composed of representatives from the annual conferences, and

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is held once in four years, and has power to make rules and regulations for the churches, with certain limitations. Each society is divided into classes of about 12 persons, under a leader, whose duty it is to see each person in his class at least once a week, to exhort, reprove, advise them. The band societies are composed of three or four true believers, who have confidence in each other, and must be all men or all women, all married or all unmarried. They meet at least once a week, to engage in religious exercises, and advise and exhort each other. The whole number of members (in 1831) is 513,114; preachers, 2010: the whole number of hearers who attend Methodist preaching in the U. States is about 1,000,000. The Methodists in this country are Wesleyans. A Methodist theological seminary has been opened at Middletown (Ct.), during the present year. (See the Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the Yearly Minutes of the Annual Conferences.)

MICA, the name of a very familiar species in mineralogy, often improperly called isinglass, is possessed of the following properties: primitive form, an oblique rhombic prism of 60 and 120°; its ordinary forms are a regular six-sided prism, so short as to be called a six-sided table; a six-sided table in which the terminal edges are truncated, and an oblique six-sided pyramid, with alternate broader and narrower lateral planes; cleavage highly perfect; lustre pearly, often inclining to metallic; color various shades of gray, generally passing into green brown, and black, also into white and red streak white gray transparent or translucent. It is less transparent in the direc tion of the axis than perpendicular to it, and presents different colors in these directions, for instance, oil-green in the first, and liver-brown in all the others; sectile thin laminae are elastic; hardness rather below that of calcareous spar; the acute edges of the lamina, however, will some times scratch glass; specific gravity 2.949. Mica is not common in well defined crystals, but more often occurs massive, having a columnar or granular composition, the faces of composition being irregularly streaked and rough. Much diversity ex ists among the analyses which have been made of mica, from various localities, by different chemists, as will be seen from the annexed table.

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APPENDIX. (MICA,

Mica from From Siberia. From

Zinnwald.

20.00 34.25 22.00

0.00

0.00 13.00

0.00 0.00

14.50

8.75 7.25

Potash

Fluoric acid and water.

Before the blow-pipe, several varieties first lose their transparency, and then melt into a scoria, white or colored, or even black; others are infusible; and they show, in general, as much difference in this respect as in their composition. Mica forms one of the constituent parts of various rocks, as granite, gneiss, mica-slate and porphyry. It sometimes occurs in masses of considerable dimensions, containing imbedded crystals of garnet, tourmaline and topaz. Remarkable varieties of mica are found in Siberia, particularly at a place called Witim, where it exists in plates one or two feet broad, and which are perfectly cleavable, and nearly or quite transparent, in thin laminæ. At Zinnwald, in Bohemia, it is found in very perfect crystals, possessing two axes of double refraction. It also occurs in the Horlberg in Bavaria, in Moravia, in Switzerland, at Mount St. Gothard, and at Mount Vesuvius. At the last mentioned locality it is found in the drusy cavities of the ejected specimens of lava, in crystals with one axis of double refraction, and often possessed of remarkable transparency. In the U. States, handsome varieties of mica have been discovered in numerous localities, among which may be mentioned the distinct prismatic crystals of Acworth, New Hampshire, implanted on feldspar, and shooting into quartz; the dark-green distinctly cleavable variety, forming a large vein at Monroe, New York; the rose-red rhomboidal crystals of Goshen, Mass.; and the emerald-green variety, in scales, from Brunswick, Maine. As a variety of mica, lepidolite requires to be mentioned. It has been treated by some

0.00 0.00 3.24 Klaproth. Klaproth. Peschier. authors as a distinct species, but without any sufficient reasons. It occurs in granular compositions, of a peach-blossom red color, sometimes passing into several pale shades of green. Its chemical constituents are, according to Wenz,

Alumine Silex Oxide Manganese Magnesia. Lithia Potash Fluoric acid Water

and a trace of iron. Before the blow-pipe, upon charcoal, it intumesces, and fuses very easily into a transparent globule. It is found near Rozena in Moravia, and at Uto in Sweden, in primitive rocks. the U. States, it occurs in Maine, at Paris, in large pieces of unusually fine colors, and frequently embracing crystals of red, green and blue tourmaline. It is cut into snuff-boxes and various ornaments. Per fectly cleavable varieties of brown and gray mica are used in Siberia, in Mexico and Peru, instead of window glass. It is particularly employed in the construction of lanterns, and where glass would be liable to crack from sudden changes of temperature; also on board ships of war, where its elasticity enables it to withstand the concussion produced by the discharge of artillery, which would be sufficient to shatter ordinary window glass. It is sometimes used for various optical purposes, and enters into the composition of the artificial avanturine.