10 large caravansaries in the city. The caravans bring Russian and English manufactures from the Russian towns, and return silk, wool, Cashmere shawls, indigo, &c. About 500 camels bring silk and woollen cloths, shawls, &c. from Meschid and Herat, and Russian manufactures are carried back in return. China ware and tea from Cashgar, and shawls, calicoes, muslins, from Caubul and Cashmere, are the other principal articles of import.-A description of the city is contained in the work of Meyendorf, above referred to, who was attached to the Russian mission to B. in 1820.

Bucharia, Little, as it is improperly called, lies east of Great B., stretching from 73° to 100° E. lon., and from 38° to 44° N. lat. It is very imperfectly known, but appears to be bounded on the north and east by the Calmuck country, on the south by Thibet, and on the west is separated from Great Bucharia by the Beloor mountains. It is a very elevated country, forming a portion of the great central plateau of Asia, which constitutes a sixth part of the old continent, yet shrouds from the curious philosopher its mineral, animal and vegetable productions. The climate is very rigorous, owing to the great elevation of the country. It was overrun, in 1683, by the Calmucks, who were subdued by the Chinese in 1759. Little is known of the origin and manners of the native inhabitants, who still form the principal part of the population. The divisions into provinces are very differently stated by different authors. Cashgar, with a town of the same name, Yarkand, also with a town of the same name, which, by some, is thought to be the capital of Little B., if, indeed, Yarkand is not merely another name for Cashgar, and the other provinces, are little known. Both sexes wear long drawers, and a garment reaching to the calf, bound round the waist by a girdle. The women dye their nails with henna. The houses are chiefly of stone, and furnished with articles of Chinese manufacture. Tea is the general beverage, taken, in the manner of Central Asia, with milk, butter and salt.

BUCHER, Anthony von, a well known and much esteemed Catholic writer against the Jesuits, born in Münich, Jan. 8, 1746, was educated in the Latin schools of the Jesuits, studied at Ingoldstadt, and was consecrated priest in 1768. In his different offices as a public teacher, he has done a great deal to instruct and enlighten his country. His contributions to the history of the Jesuits in Bavaria (Beiträge

zur Geschichte der Jesuilen in Baiern) are of great historical value. His works were published in 6 vols., Múnich, 1819 et seq.

BUCHHOLZ, Paul Ferdinand Frederic; born, Feb. 5, 1768, at Altruppin (Old Ruppin). At the age of 32, he resigned the office of teacher at Brandenburg, and went to Berlin, where, for 21 years, he has been an author. He is best known to foreign countries as the publisher of the New Monthly Journal for Germany. In many of his writings, he tries to prove the existence of a law of gravitation in the moral as well as the natural world.

BUCK; the male of the fallow deer. also of rabbits and other animals. (See Deer, Rabbit, &c.)

BUCKEBURG. (See Lippe.)

BUCKETS, in water-wheels, are a series of cavities into which the water is delivered, on the circumference of the wheel to be set in motion. By the revolution of the wheel, the buckets will be alternately erected so as to receive water, and inverted so as to discharge it; the loaded side will descend, and present the empty buckets in succession to the current, and thus keep up a constant revolution of the wheel.

The

BUCKINCK, Arnold, the first artist who engraved geographical maps on copper. He brought this art to a high degree of perfection. Schweynheym, who had learnt the secret of printing from the inventors, Faustus and Schoeffer, wished to publish an edition of Ptolemy. Wood cuts were too imperfect for the maps contained in the expensive manuscripts of it. Sweynheym determined to engrave them on copper, and, for that purpose, associated himself with B. former died during the progress of the work. B. completed it. The first edition of Ptolemy with maps (for the edition of 1468 is certainly dated wrong) at length appeared in folio, at Rome, 1478, and concluded as follows: Claudii Ptolemæi Alexandrini philosophi geographiam, Arnoldus Buckinck e Germania Rome tabulis aneis in picturis formatam impressit sempiterno ingenii artificiique monumento, &c. These charts are also added to some Roman editions of Ptolemy published afterwards.

BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, duke of; the unworthy favorite of James I and Charles I of England; born, 1592, at Brookesby, in Leicestershire, of a family which came thither, from Normandy, in the time of William the Conqueror. In his youth, he showed little taste or little

aptitude for literature Nature had lavishly bestowed upon him beauty, ease and grace. By means of these qualities, he so effectually won the affections of James I, that, in less than two years, he was made a knight, a gentleman of the bedchamber, baron, viscount, marquis of B., lord high-admiral, lord warden of the cinque ports, &c., and, at last, dispenser of all the honors, offices, favors and revenues of the three kingdoms, according to the dictates of his ambition, his cupidity and his caprice. The nation was indignant at seeing merit undervalued, the people trampled upon, the nobility humbled, the crown impoverished and degraded, to elevate and enrich a weak and insolent favorite. To complete the catalogue of his misdeeds, B. became a traitor in 1623, the eighth year of his favor. He desired to remove the earl of Bristol, an able and virtuous minister, from office. Bristol was then negotiating the marriage of a Spanish princess with the prince of Wales, afterwards Charles I. The design of B. was, not only to reconcile to himself the prince, against whom he had dared to lift his hand in a fit of passion, but also to make him dependent upon himself, that he might secure the continuance of his power, in case of the death of James. He therefore inspired young Charles with the romantic idea of going to Madrid himself, and removing all the difficulties of negotiation by his presence. The king's consent to this measure was gained in an hour of weakness, and, though he was long angry, on this account, with B., he soon after made him a duke. The event was what James had anticipated. While the young prince delighted the royal family and the whole nation by the gentleness and modesty of his manners, B., who accompanied him, offended them by his arrogance and licentiousness. He attained his purpose: the negotiation, which was far advanced by means of Bristol, was broken off; and, that no one else might afterwards complete it with success, he indulged himself in the grossest insults against the Spanish ministry, speedily left the kingdom with the prince, deceived James by false reports, and instigated the parliament to declare, that, instead of forming a connexion with Spain, it was necessary to make war against it, which was accordingly done by James. The house of commons peremptorily refused the requisite supplies, although they had consented to the war. B. connected himself with the Puritan party, and formed the project of

abolishing the episcopal dignity, selling the possessions of the church, and continuing the war with the money raised in this way. Thus the policy, the feelings and conscience of James were betrayed by his favorite, and in the midst of these disorders he died. He had succeeded, indeed, in concluding a treaty for the marriage of his son with Henrietta of France; but had the grief of seeing an English army, which was intended to recover the hereditary dominions of his son-in-law, the unhappy elector palatine Frederic V, ruined by the mismanagement of B., while a union with Spain might have effected a peaceful restoration of the territories. After the death of James, B. continued to be the arbitrary minister of Charles I; but the time had now come for the fulfilment of the prophecy of his former king. After having been declared the savior of the prince and the nation, in the house of commons of the last parliament, B. was declared, by the new one, a seducer of the king, a traitor to the liberty of his country, and a public enemy. This took place during a war which required, more than ever, the fullest harmony with the house of commons. Hence the dissolution of two parliaments, the imprisonment of the members who had been most distinguished for their zeal, illegal taxes and forced loans, instead of supplies granted by parliament, the arbitrary imprisonment of those who refused to pay them; in short, every thing that could conspire to bring a virtuous king to the most fearful end. But B., who had learned, by his disgraceful attempt on Cadiz, that he was unequal to a war against Spain, did not hesitate to engage in a war against France. He had gone to Paris to solemnize, in the name of the king, his marriage with the daughter of Henry IV. Here he dared to raise his eyes to the queen of France. As this princess dismissed him with indulgence rather than indignation, he desired to return to the French court as English ambassador. His rashness, however, did not remain unobserved; and Louis XIII wrote to him to forbid his cherishing the thought of this journey. In order to avenge himself for this prohibition, B. engaged with the Protestants of Rochelle in a war against France. This enterprise, and the assault of the island Rhé (1627), was more disgracefully conducted than the attempt on Cadiz. B., at the same time minister, admiral and general, seemed to make it his object to dishonor himself in all three capacities. After having

excited the people of Rochelle to a sedition, only to deliver them to the vengeance of Richelieu, and after having sacrificed a third of the British army, he returned to England, despised and execrated as much by his fellow-citizens as by his enemies. Pecuniary necessity compelled him to call a new parliament. B. opened it with the declaration, that the king might have done without it, and that, if money was refused, his majesty would find other means to supply his wants. Thus he scattered the seeds of discord between the king and people. In the course of the debates, he was obliged to hear himself called the author of the public distress, while the king's heart was acknowledged to be the sanctuary of all the virtues. Without knowing when to yield and when to resist, he contended most violently against the famous petition of rights; but he suddenly ceased his resistance, when he heard that an impeachment was preparing against him in the house of commons. The complaints against him, however, continued; but the house of commons contented itself, instead of a solemn impeachment, with a petition, that the king would remove him from his person and his council, as the author of the public calamities. The only reply of the monarch was a sudden dissolution of the parliament. Charles resolved to attempt anew the relief of the Protestants of Rochelle. Count Denbigh was appointed to command the expedition, but soon after returned without accomplishing any thing, after having disgraced the banner of England by his inefficiency. The king now ordered B. to put himself at the head of a new armament, which was fitted out with incredible despatch. The duke was obliged to submit to the command, and was on the point of embarking at Portsmouth, when, in Aug., 1628, surrounded by courtiers, guards and soldiers, he fell under the dagger of Felton, a subaltern officer.-Thus died a man, whose name suggests the idea of the most unlimited power; who had braved the denunciations of the two houses of parliament, the hatred of Richelieu and Olivarez, and even the displeasure of the two kings in whose names he ruled. At the moment of his death, he had regained the favor of his master by the activity of his zeal, and, confiding in the immense resources with which he was surrounded, was looking forward to victory.

BUCKINGHAM, George Villiers, duke of, son of the preceding, was born at Walfingford-house, in Westminster, Jan. 30,

1627. After studying at Trinity college, Cambridge, he travelled abroad, and, on his return home, after the cominencement of the civil war, he was presented to the king at Oxford. He served in the royal army, under prince Rupert and lord Gerard. His estate was seized by the parliament; but, having obtained the restoration of it, he travelled, with his brother, into France and Italy. In 1648, he returned to England, and was with Charles II in Scotland, and at the battle of Worcester. He followed that prince abroad, and served, as a volunteer, in the French army in Flanders. He afterwards returned to England, and, in 1657, married the daughter of lord Fairfax, by which means he repaired the ruin of his fortune in the royal cause. He, however, preserved the favor of Charles II, and, at the restoration, was made master of the horse. He also became one of the king's confidential ministers, who were designated by the appellation of the cabal. His political conduct was, like his general behavior, characterized by unprincipled levity and imprudence. In 1666, he engaged in a conspiracy to effect a change of the government; notwithstanding which, he recovered the favor of king Charles, which he repeatedly abused. The profligacy of his private life was notorious. He seduced the countess of Shrewsbury, and killed her husband in a duel; and he was more than suspected of having been the instigator of the infamous colonel Blood to his brutal outrage against the duke of Ormond, whom he attempted, with the assistance of other ruffians, to carry to Tyburn, and hang on the common gallows. In 1676, he was, together with the earls of Shaftesbury and Salisbury, and lord Wharton, committed to the Tower for a contempt, by order of the house of lords; but, on petitioning the king, they were released. After plotting against the government with the Dissenters, and making himself the object of contempt to all parties, he died, neglected and unregretted, at Kirkby Moorside, in Yorkshire, April 16, 1688. Pope (Moral Essays, epistle 3d) has strikingly described his death. His abilities were far superior to those of his father; and, among his literary compositions, the comedy of the Rehearsal may be mentioned as a work which displays no common powers, and which greatly contributed to the correction of the public taste, which had been corrupted by Dryden, and other dramatists of the age.

BUCKLER. (See Shield.)

BÜCKLER, John, under the name of Schinderhannes, was the leader of a band of robbers, on the banks of the Rhine, towards the end of the last century. Born of indigent parents, he entered into the service of an executioner. He stole some skins from his master, and eloped, but was apprehended, and condemned to be scourged. This punishment, publicly inflicted on him, as he himself said, determined the character of his future life. Without knowing what to undertake at this juncture, he wandered about stealing sheep. He was a second time brought to justice, escaped, and connected himself, at Fink, with Rothbart, the leader of a band of robbers. Being seized again, he again escaped, and returned to his old acquaintance. He was apprehended once more, and escaped anew. He now resolved upon highway robbery, and collected a large band, which soon struck terror into all the surrounding country. He was not entirely destitute of good qualities. He often assisted the poor, and relieved the distresses of those who were severely treated by his band. Political commotions drove him to the right bank of the Rhine, where he married one Juliet Blasius. A song which he composed on her was played at all the fairs and religious festivals throughout the adjacent country. About this time, his followers began to rob houses; and carried on their lawless trade so publicly, that the Jews, who were most annoyed by them, sent to treat with B. At length Schinderhannes was taken prisoner, and brought to Frankfort. He confessed immediately his true name, and a great part of his crimes. He was then given up, with his comrades, to the tribunal at Mentz. Here confessed many facts, thinking, that, as he had never committed murder, he would not be condemned to death. After his condemnation, he still continued to hope for pardon, and, till the last moment of his life, showed the greatest presence of mind. He was guillotined Nov. 21, 1803. BUCKMINSTER, Joseph Stevens, celebrated as a pulpit orator and man of letters, was born at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, May 26, 1784. His father was eminent among the clergy of that state, and he himself manifested, in his boyhood, such talents and dispositions as gave assurance of his success in the same career. In 1797, he entered Harvard college, Cambridge. In the year 1800, ne received the honors of the university with the distinction due to his uncommon proficiency in the studies of the

institution, and to the excellence of the oration which he delivered on the literary character of different nations. After leaving college, he devoted himself for more than four years to theology and general literature. In Oct., 1804, at Boston, he preached for the first time, and, in the following year, accepted an invitation from a religious society in that place, to become their minister. The fatigue and agitation which he suffered at his ordination threw him into a severe illness of two months duration. On his recovery, he devoted himself ardently to his clerical duties, but his zeal aggravated a predisposition to epilepsy, which had been felt some years before. The increase of this dreadful disorder rendered a voyage to Europe expedient. He embarked for England in 1806, remained for some months in that country, went through Holland to Switzerland, and thence proceeded to Paris, where he passed nearly half a year. After revisiting England, he returned to his native land, not, indeed, cured of his malady, but generally more vigorous in constitution, and enriched with a large additional store of knowledge. No American of his age had made a more favorable impression abroad. His parishioners welcomed him back with enthusiasm, and he requited their esteem by an admirable discharge of all his duties. His sermons placed him in the first rank of popular preachers. He also contributed valuable and beautiful papers to the periodical publications of the day, besides preparing a number of occasional addresses of distinguished merit. In 1808, he superintended an American edition of Griesbach's Greek Testament, and wrote much in vindication and praise of this author's erudition, fidelity and accuracy. In 1810, he digested a plan of publishing all the best modern versions of the prophetical books of the Old Testament; but the whole design failed for want of public patronage. In 1811, he was appointed the first lecturer on Biblical criticism at the university of Cambridge, on the foundation established by Samuel Dexter. While he was laboriously preparing for the execution of this office, a violent fit of epilepsy at once destroyed his noble and affluent intellect, and gave a shock to his frame, which he survived only a few days. He died June 9, 1812, at the completion of his 28th year.-Mr. Buckminster possessed a fine face, an easy and winning address, a cheerful temper, and the power of gaining a multitude of friends and admirers. In 1814, his sermons were

collected, and published in an octavo volume, to which is prefixed a well-written memoir of his life and character. These remains have been extensively circulated. They are highly valuable in every respect, and fitted to excite universal regret at the premature fate of the accomplished and virtuous author. A second volume has appeared very recently (Boston, 1829).

BUCKWHEAT, or BRANK, is a black and triangular grain, produced by a plant of the persicaria tribe (polygonum fagopyrum), with somewhat arrow-shaped leaves, and purplish-white flowers.-Buckwheat was first brought to Europe from the northern parts of Asia, and first cultivated in England about the year 1600. The flowers appear about July, and the seeds ripen in October; and so tender are the plants, that a single night's sharp frost will destroy a whole crop. As a grain, buckwheat has been principally cultivated for oxen, swine and poultry; and, dlthough some farmers state, that a single ushel of it is equal in quality to two Jushels of oats, others assert, that it is a very unprofitable food. Mixed with bran, chaff or grain, it is sometimes given to aorses. The flower of buckwheat is occasionally used for bread, but more frequently for the thin cakes called crumpets. In Germany, it serves as an ingredient in pottage, puddings, and other food. In Pennsylvania, it is very extensively used, throughout the winter, in cakes, which are cooked upon a griddle. Beer may be brewed from it; and by distillation it yields an excellent spirit. The best mode of harvesting this grain is said to be by pulling it out of the ground like flax, stripping off the seeds with the hand, and collecting these into aprons or cloths, tied round the waist.-Buckwheat is much cultivated in the domains of noblemen, possessed of landed property, as a food for pheasants. With some farmers, it is the practice to sow buckwheat for the purpose only of ploughing it into the ground, as a manure for the land. Whilst green, it serves as food for sheep and axen; and, mixed with other provender, it may also be given with advantage to horses. The blossoms may be used for dyeing a brown color. It is frequently cultivated in the Middle U. States as food for bees, who are very fond of it, and to whose honey it imparts a flavor by no means unpleasant. The principal advantage of buckwheat is, that it is capable of being cultivated upon land which will produce scarcely any thing else, and that its cul27

VOL. II.

ture, compared with that of other grain, is attended with little expense.

BUCOLICS. (See Pastoral Poetry.) BUDA (in German, Ofen) is the Hungarian name of the capital of Hungary, situated on the west bank of the Danube, opposite Pest. It consists of the Upper Town, which is fortified, and lies, with the castle, on a hill; of the Lower Town, or Waterstadt, which lies at the foot of the hill, and is connected with Pest by a bridge of boats; of the Neustift, in which is the remarkable Trinity pillar, 52 feet high; and of the Taban, called, in German, Raitzenstadt, from being almost entirely occupied by the Rascians, a Sclavonian race. There are three other parts inhabited by Germans and Hungarians. The population is 28,500, exclusive of the court of the palatine, the officers of government, the military and the clergy. Among the public buildings are the royal fortress, in which the crown is kept, the arsenal, the cannon foundery, the new observatory on the Blocksberg. The trade in wine, which the environs produce of an excellent quality, is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. There are also manufactures of silk, leather, tobacco, copper and iron. The baths are efficacious in palsy, weakness of limbs, and similar complaints. The castle was chosen as a place of residence by the emperor Louis I; and king Matthias I founded the library, which was destroyed by the Turks, in whose hands B. remained from 1530 till 1686, when it was taken by storm by the duke of Lorraine. The castle was then destroyed, but was rebuilt by the empress Maria Theresa for the university, which was removed from Tyrnau to Buda in 1777, and which has subsequently been removed to Pest. Lon. 19° 2′ E.; lat. 47° 30′ N.; distant 120 miles S. E. from Vienna.

BUDDHA, the founder of a very ancient religion, called after him. His worship, after the Bramins had put a stop to it in India, spread to Japan, Thibet and China, where, as well as in Ceylon, it exists at the present day. Ritter, in his Vorhallen Europäischer Völkergeschichten (Introduction to the Histories of the European Nations), advances the opinion, that the Buddhists also migrated to the N. W. to the shores of the Black sea, to Colchis, to the modern Mingrelia, and thence to Thrace, where they laid the foundation of the civilization of the Pelasgi and Hellenes. Even in the doctrine of Asa, in the extreme north, traces of Buddhism: have been thought to appear. According