The Hills, especially upon the Skirts of the Country, breed abun dance of Cows, which not only afford Store of Butter and Cheese for the Ufe of the Inhabitants, but confiderable Profit, by vending their Hides and Tallow, and by the great Numbers that are fold into England. The Size of their Cows and Sheep,'as in all cold Regions, is but fmall, but the Flesh of both is exceeding Delicious, and very nourishing. The Highlands breed great Flocks of Goats, with ftore of Deer, and abundance of Rabbets.

Commodities.] It abounds with all Neceffaries of Life, and in refpect of folid wholfome Food, ftands in need of no Affistance from its Neighbours. There is very great Plenty of Cows, Oxen, Sheep, Goats, Conies; and in the North, of Red and Fallow Deer; of Wild and Tame Fowl, fuch as Partridges, Sea-Plover, Pewits, Woodcocks, Dotterels, Snipes, Plovers, Quails, Larks, Herons, &c. of Hens, Ducks, Geefe, Turkeys, Pidgeons, &c.

For Fish, no Country exceeds it, for extraordinary Plenty of Sal mon, belides Trouts, Carps, Pikes, Eels, and other River-Fish; Her rings they have in fuch abundance, that the Dutch drive a confiderable Trade in Foreign Parts with the Herrings they take in the Northern Seas. Oyfters, Cockels, Lobfters, Cod, Ling, Scates, Turbolts, Mackrels, and Whitings, with other forts of excellent Sea-fish, they have in great abundance.

Beer and Ale in Scotland is very good, and the Scotch are not ignorant of the Art of Diftilling Brandy and Ufquebaugh to great Per fection.

Gardens for the Ufe of the Kitchin are not wanting; Orchards for Fruit are common, and for the most part the Pears are better than the Apples; yet here they have the Rennet and the Golden-Pippin in great Perfection; and the Houfes of the Nobility and Gentry are adorned with Flower Gardens and Wall-Fruit better than one would expect to find fo far North. For all thofe Fruits which can be ripen'd in the Summer Months, fuch as Melons, Figs, Apricocks, and Peaches, are produced in their Gardens, with their true and natural Flavour and Tafte.

The Woods, which are very large, fome of them above to Miles long, do not only abound with Timber. Trees, especially Oaks, Firs, and Birch, but also with great Variety of Phyfical Herbs and

Plants.

For Cloathing, Scotland knows no Want of very fine Wooll, of which they make very good Stuffs and Broad-Cloth for the better Sort, and Freezes for the Country People, to defend them in their Work from the Cold. Befides, of their Wooll, and by their great Dexterity in Knitting, they make the finest Worfted-Stockings in the World; fome of them exceeding thofe of Jersey and Guernsey, which they fell for a greater Price than Silk: Some are fold at Thirty Shillings a Pair; and I have been credibly informed by fome that have feen Stockings fold at Ten Pound a Pair; but thefe are rare, and not made for the Market, but to fhew their Perfection in Spinning and Knitting.

There

There is alfo great Plenty of Hemp and Flax, their Linen Cloth is inferior to few for its Goodnefs and the Manufactory of it, by Exportation into other Countries; is very beneficial to the Inhahitants.

Leather dreffed in Scotland is good; though 'tis not fo nicely dreffed as in feveral Places in England: it's thinner than ours, by reafon of the hard Feeding of their Cat le, yet it's ftrong and durable; but not very plentiful, because not fo generally worn in Breeches, Doublets and Aprons, Boots and Shooes among the common People; and befides, they find it turns to as good and a much quicker Account to fell their Hides raw to the English.

For Building they want no Timber, though it is not so much ufed in this Country, as in others for that Purpofe; because they have great Variety of excellent Stones fuch as Sand-ftone, Marble, Alabafter and Slate, with abundance of Chalk and Lime-ftone.

For Firing, they have Sea-Coal or Pit-Coal, and the last in great Perfection almost every where, at a very fmall Price; and where that is wanting, there is in fome Places Wood, and in others great Plenty of Turf and Peate.

For Shipping which has been too long neglected, the Woods and Foreft of Scotland yield very good Oaks, fit for Beams, Plank cr Knee-Timber; Firs fit for Maft, and Yards; and the Ground affords Hemp for Cords ge.

The Scoton Horfes are generally fmall, but fo well put together, that they are very fit for Labour or Travelling: There are alfo fome of a larger Breed in the Hands of the Nobility and Gentry. They have allo Dogs of all Sorts and Sizes, and for all Ufes.

Befides great Quantities of Lead, Iron, Brafs and Copper Oar, and Lapis Calaminaris, which is the chief Ingredient in making Braf, there are feveral rich Silver Mines in Scotland, fo that in refpect of them only. Scotland is faid to be richer under Ground than above: Nay, James Atkinson, Affay- Mafter of the Mint at Edmburgh, in the Reign of King James VI. aflures us, that Natural or Native Gold was to be found in feveral Places in this Country; as one Mine on Crawford Moor and Fryar Moor in Clydesdale; two on Robbert Moor and Mannock Moor in Nidfdale; three on Glangabar Watter in Inderland, in the Foreft of Attrie, and in many other Combes or Valleys. It's commonly found, fays he, after great Rains, link d faft to the Sappare Stone, jutt as Lead-Oor and White-Spar grow fometimes together: This is certain, that one Cornelius a German, who in that Time was by Patent created Superior of the Gold Mines of the King of Scots, difcovered Gold Mines at Crawford John, and in 30 Days time brought into the King's Mint at Edinburgh, Eight Pounds Troy Weight of natural Gold, which was worth 4500l. Sterling.

Befides Grain and other Commodities already mentioned, the Merchants export Marble, Alabatter, Linnen and Woollen Cloth, Freezes, Plaid, Plaiding-Stuffs, Stockings, Malt, Hops, Meal, Hides, Rabbets, and Hare Skine, Fish, Eggs, Oker, Coals, and Salt. To conclude,

though

though fome Countries may pride themselves in being richer, their Seas being better Navigated, and their Lands more Fertile, yet Scotland wants nothing that is neceffary for the Life of Man, and what fhould put Life into future Endeavours. The Country is capable of great Improvements, and having many fafe and convenient Ports and Havens, if encouraged, it cannot long want a profitable Trade by Sea; which concurring with a prudent and induftri us Manage ment of the Inland Trade and Manufactories, canno: fail of making that Part of Great Britain, much richer, and confequently much more confiderable than it is at prefent, or indeed than it ever was.

CHAP. IV.

Of its Inhabitants, their Number, Language, and Character.

Inhabitants. During of Scotland, which was free, was inha Uring the Roman Empire, the North-Eastern bited chiefly by the Picts, who in all Probability were Britains, that ftill retain'd the Cuftom of Painting their Bodies. I fay, chiefly, because it's most probable that the Scots came thither very early out of Ireland, especially into the Weft Highlands, though perhaps not in great Numbers. Afterwards came in the Saxons, and then the Danes; who were long Mafters of the Orcades, which have been claimed by the Kings of Denmark as part of the Kingdom of Norway, till very lately, fo that the prefent Inhabitants of Scotland are a Mixture of Pids, i, e. Ancient Britains; of Scots, i. e. Ancient Irish; of Saxons, and of Danes; of Romans, 'tis probable, there may be fome few, but fo blended with other Nations, that 'tis impoffible either by Names, or any other Mark to diftinguish any Families at this Day, and afcertain their Delcent from the Roman Stock."

Their Plumber.] though Stotland be without Comparison more barren than ma y Parts of England, yet for want of Trade, and thofe other Encouragements which naturalty bring People together, and keep 'em together when once they are gathered, it is certain that it's much thinner of People than otherwife it need be, or than England is. A Million and halt of People is the most that has been reckon'd; tho if the Fishing Trade and Husbandry were encouraged as far as they, might, it would maintain above duble their Number.

Their Language.] The Inhabitants of the Southern Provinces fpeak English varied only in Pronunciation: Their Language approaches indeed nearer to the Dano-Saxon in many of its peculiar Words, than any other Dialect of the English Tongue, and for that Reafon those Writings which are true Scottish, fuch as Gawen Douglas's Tranflation of Virgil's Eneas; The Cherry and the Slee, a Poem to calid, and

A a

othera

Part II. others, are very useful to thofe that are curious in searching out the Originals of our own Language. The Highlanders fpeak a Sort of Irish, which they call Albanach, and which they have both from the Ancient Scots who came out of Ireland, and from the Picts, who were originally Britains. For the British, which is now preferved in Wales, and the Irish, were both different Dialects of the Ancient Celtic; from which, and from the Ancient Gothic, almost all the Languages of the Northern, and the North-Western Nations of Europe are derived. In the Orcades the old Norwegian Tongue, fpoken fill in tolerable Purity in Ifeland, is preserved. Their Court- Rolls, Records, and Proceedings in Law, have been written for feveral Ages in Latin, of which the Scottish Lawyers are, generally speaking, great Mafters. Sir John Skene affigns the Reafon of their Laws being written in Latin to their having been drawn up by the Roman Clergy, who always endeavour'd to keep the People in Ignorance, which is one of the great Pillars of the Pope's Authority, tho' the truer Reafon feems to be, because the Civil Law, which was always the Common Law of Scotland, was written in that Language. There are alfo in the Scottish Tongue more French Words than in English, which has been occafion'd by the long and frequent Intercourfes which the Scots have had with France.

Charakter.] The Air being very ferene, and the Climate temperate in Scotland, the Natives partake accordingly of both. They have clear Understandings, are Sagacious, quick at finding out their Intereft, and diligent in purfuing it. Abroad in foreign Countries, whither Neceffity or Curiofity often drives them, they are Induftrious, Frugal, and very Dexterous in accommodating themselves to the Manners of the People with whom they live. The Gentlemen are well bred, and as generally Learned as in any other Country in Europe. The Women of Condition are handfome, fruitful, and, modeft, and very careful in that which is their great Business, viz. managing their Families, and educating their Children. The People are generally Religious, and very zealous in adhering to that Set which they profefs. They are very temperate in Eating and Drinking, even in Countries where Luxury and Excefs in both is too much practifed. Zealous Lovers of their Country, tho' very willing to settle abroad when they have any Opportunity of doing fo. Fearless of Danger, and patient to endure the Hardships and Fatigues of War. In a Word, they are a People who have always been tenacious of their Liberty, and whom no Threatning, nor any Prospect of Advantage could make them yield to Conquerors, tho' more rich and powerful than themselves.

The Scots, especially the Ifelanders, are generally longer liv'd than in the more Southern Parts of the World; a Man being fcarce thought old at Fourfcore; feveral living to above an Hundred, in their Islands to Sevenfcore, and at that Age able to gain their Bread by their Labour: All which is afcribed to their Temperance and frugal way of Living, being utter Strangers to the Luxury of wealthier Nations; het of late, exceffive Drinking prevails in fome Places; and the main

Ame

Ambition of fome Country Gentlemen is, to be reckon'd Good Fellows.

Names.] In the South Parts of Scotland, where the Inhabitants are defcended chiefly from the Saxons axi Danes, their Names agree with thofe of England, both Chriftian and Surnames: Chriftian Names common, are James John. Thomas, Alexander. David, William. Robert. Charles Colin utual among the Campbells Norman and Gilbert derived from the Danes Archibald, &c. Surnames among the Lowlanders are either Local as Douglas Campbel, Hamilton, Smith Maxwel, Dalrymple, Spotswood, Lefley Lindefay Murray Leith, &c. or derived from their Parents, as Davidfon. Ferguson Henderfon, Youngfon, Adamfon Anderfon, Paterfon, (i. e Patrickson) Johnson (which in Scot land is ufually written Johnftoun, as it it were local) or from Offices or Trades, as Stuart, Fletcher Clerk, Bailly Falconer Juftice &c. Saxon and Danish Names trey have feveral Sibbald (1. e. se bald; the bold couragious Man) Etrick, which gives Title to the Earl of Dum barton's Eldest Son, from Hydreck, a famous Hero of the North Clogie, which fill fignifies Wife in Danish, Graham, Dan: Gram Dempfter, (i. e. Judge) Cunningham, or Koningham, which in Danish is the King's Hamlet. Bruce, Dan: Brufo, Bolloc, Dan: Hrollang, Grerr, Logy (Loge Norm: Flame) &c. The Highlanders, who are the old Scots and Picts blended together, keep their old Scottish Names pretty entire, as Malcolm, Duncan, Donald, Murdoc, Kennedy, &c. and thofe that begin with Mac (i.e. Son) are numerous; as Mac Kenfy, Mac Kay, Mac Leod, Mac Lean, Mac Pherfon, Mac Cleland, Mac Gill, Mac Dongal, Mac Guffor, &c. Where Mat Kenzie is the Son of Kennedy, or Kennet; Mac Leod is the Son of the People, for that Leod fignifies in Saxon; Mac Pherson, the Son of a Prieft; Mac Guffor, the Son of Guffoc, Mac Gil, the Son of Gilbert. How far an Enquiry into the Ety-. mology of the Surnames of the Inhabitants of Great Britain, may go to determine the Nation from whence every Family fprung, is a Subject well worth the Pains of a skilful and judicious Antiquary. This is certain, it can never be done well without a competent Knowledge of the Celtic and Gothic Languages, and of the feveral Dialects Which have been formed in thefe Northern and North-Wefterh Parts of the World, from thefe two great Originals.

ΤΗ

CHAP. V.

Of the Religion of Scotland.

HE Chriftian Religion was without all Controverfy preached very early in Scotland, but how foon we do not certainly know Tertullian fas Chriftianity was preached in the British lands in Places where the Romans never came; whether he meant Ireland or

the