Table), who was slain by Agamemnon. The Table also shows the inter-relationship by marriage between Antenor-theTrojan and King Priam and Æneas, the great grandfather of Brutus. Their ancestor Aisuetao of the "ancient barrow (or funeral mound) at Troy1 was presumably a descendant of Dardanus, the founder of the royal dynasty of Troy, and thus kinsman of Eneas and Brutus.

The place of landing of Brutus in Alban is stated to have been Totnes, in the sound of the Dart in Devon; and it is in keeping with the fateful fitness of things that the first harbour selected by the great admiral Brutus and his early Phoenician Britons for their first British fleet in Alban's waters should have latterly been the favourite resort of the British "sea-dog" Sir Walter Raleigh, and be the location of the "Britannia" training ship for our navy of the modern empire of Britain. There still exists at Totnes, on the foreshore street, the traditional stone called "Brutus Stone" (which I have seen) with the local tradition that upon it Brutus first set foot when landing in Alban.

This tradition of his landing at Totnes and not in Cornwall seems confirmed by the record in Nennius' version of the Old Chronicles, which states that there were already some relatives of Brutus in possession of Alban, and presumably at the tin-mines in Cornwall, before the arrival of Brutus. He states:

Brutus subdivided the island of Britain whose [previous] inhabitants were the descendants of the Romans [properly Trojans from Alba on the Tiber] from Silvius Posthumus. He was called Posthumus' because he was born after the death of Æneas, his father: his mother was Lavinia. He was called Silvius ' from whom the kings of Alba were called' Silvan.' He was [half-] brother to Brutus but Posthumus, his brother, reigned among the Latins." And he had, according to Geoffrey, a son called Sylvius Alba.

This tradition of the prior rule in Alban, presumably by deputy, of the Alban Silvius, the "half-brother," or rather half-uncle, of Brutus, is also preserved in the early Scottish

PRIOR PHOENICIANS IN BRITAIN

163

Chronicle of the Alban Duan of 1070 A.D., which was composed presumably for the coronation of the Scottish king Malcolm III., whose queen was the famous Margaret, and who was crowned in that year and to whom it was addressed. This poem, however, represents the intruder under the title of "Alban" as the son of Ascanius or " Isicon " instead of the grandson of Æneas by his Latin wife, which latter tradition appears to be correct. It is also noteworthy that the form of the name in this Scottish poem for Brutus as 'Briutus" approximates more closely the Homeric "Peiri'hoos" and the Latin "Pirithous." The poem says:—

"

I What was the first known invasion
Which grabbed the land of Alban ?

Alban grabbed it with many of his seed,
He, the elder son of Isicon [Ascanius]:

Brother was he of Briutus, yet scarce a brother,
He named Alba of Boats.

But banish'd was this big brother
By Briutus across the Sea of Icht,'
Briutus grabbed Albain for his ain

As far as wooded Fotudain [Tweed?]."'1

The precise relationship of Brutus to his "big brother, yet scarce a brother," Silvius Alba, the " Alban" of this Scottish poem, whom he evicted from Alban, is seen in this genealogical Table, which I have compiled from the Chronicles of Geoffrey and Nennius :

"

Sylvius or Silvius Æneas, surnamed
Posthumus,

son by Lavinia, daughter of

Latinus

Sylvius Alba, ancestor of Romulus

1 See S.C.P., 57, for text and for a freer translation than mine. "Fotudain equates with the Otadini tribe of Ptolemy who occupied the S.E. of Scotland between the Tweed and Forth, South of the "Gad-eni" tribe.

It is thus seen that " Alban " or " Albanus" who occupied part of the south of Alban before the arrival of Brutus, and presumably about 1130 B.C., the supposed date of founding of the Phoenician settlement at Gades, was the son of a half-brother of the grandfather of Brutus.

The "Sea of Icht," across which Briutus banished his senior relative Sylvius Alba, or his agents, derived its name (in series with the Isle of Wight), as we have seen, from the same Pictish source as "Ictis," the title used by classic Greek writers for the tin-port of St. Michael's Mount in the Bay of Penzance-which latter name also is now disclosed to be based presumably on one of the many place-names of "Phoenice" bestowed on their settlements by the Phoenicians, especially as a former name of Penzance, as we shall see later, was "Burriton," a dialectic form of Baraton or "Briton."

St. Michael's Mount or Ictis is physically like the type of the strategic islets so frequently selected by the seafaring Phoenicians for their ports, such as Tyre, Gades, etc. It is an islet contiguous to the mainland and admirably adapted for defence on the landside, yet open to the sea (see Fig. 25). Its towering, graceful, spiry crest stands up, an unmistakable landmark seen far out at sea:

"Here the Phoenician, as remote he sail'd
Along the unknown coast, exulting hail'd,
And when he saw thy rocky point a-spire,
Thought on his native shore of Aradus or Tyre."

-Bowles.

It was also called "Fort of the Sun (Din-Sol)" presumably from its Phoenician Sun-temple, of which see later.

The neighbouring mainland off St. Michael's Mount, and extending to Land's End and along the West Coast of Cornwall to Carnbræ, is still honeycombed with the old tin and copper workings of the Phoenicians, amongst the mounds of which I have several times rambled, and which are still locally ascribed to the Phoenicians.

It would thus appear from the use of the name "Sea of Icht," that it was from the tin-mines and tin-port of Ictis in

PHOENICIAN TIN-PORT IN CORNWALL 165

Cornwall that Brutus banished his big "brother" Sylvius Alba, or his agents, across the Sea of Icht-that is, back in the direction of his own kingdom on the Tiber.

FIG. 25.-Phoenician Tin Port in Cornwall, Ictis or St. Michael's Mount in Bay of Penzance. (After Borlase 395.)

This prior occupation of Cornwall by kinsmen of Brutus would now seem to explain why Brutus landed at Totnes instead of Cornwall, which was already in the possession of his rival exploiters. It also explains why Duke Corineus, the commander of the four Phoenician clans at Gades, who were mainly dependent on the tin-mining industry in Cornwall, from which they were presumably ousted or forestalled by their rival kinsmen from the Tiber, so readily joined Brutus in his expedition to annex Alban, and doubtless so on the express stipulation that he would receive Cornwall with its monopoly of the tin trade. It also would explain why Brutus handed over the duchy of Cornwall to Corineus to conquer without going there himself, whilst he personally moved on to the Thames Valley and settled there.

The date for this invasion of Alban by Brutus and his associated Phoenicians is fixed directly by totalling up the

N

reported years of reign in Britain of Brutus and his continuous line of descendants and successors down to Cassivellaunus and his successors in the Roman period, as the traditional length of the reign of each king is recorded (see details in Appendix I.) There is nothing improbable or at all surprising in a ruling race of Phoenician ancestry having preserved a complete written list of their kings with the length of reigns of each on parchment records, the originals of which have now perished; for the Phoenicians are admitted by the ancient Greek classic writers to have introduced the art of writing into Europe; and writing was a practical necessity for these early industrial sea-traders in the keeping of their accounts-a class of documents which form the majority of the ancient records recovered by excavations on early oriental civilized sites.

These regnal years in the Early British Chronicles, when totalled up, give the epoch of Brutus' arrival in Alban or Britain at about 1103 B.C. (see Appendix I.). This date is corroborated by the usually-accepted date for the Fall of Troy at "about 1200 B.C."1; for, as Brutus was of the third generation from Æneas, and was already a mature hero of many exploits at the epoch of his arrival, this would place his invasion somewhere about 1100 B.C. Geoffrey's Chronicle also states that, after Brutus had finished the building of his new city on the Thames," the sons of Hector (son of Priam), after the expulsion of the posterity of Antenor, reigned in Troy," which would yield a corresponding date. It is also highly suggestive of such a date for Brutus' arrival, as well as for the independence and veracity of these British Chronicles, that their compilers, in bringing Æneas past the bay which was latterly occupied by Carthage, should, unlike Virgil, who brings Æneas to Carthage, nevertheless make no mention of Carthage. This was obviously owing to the fact that Carthage was not founded traditionally until about

The epoch of this great Trojan War is estimated by the archæological remains unearthed at the excavations of the site of ancient Troy, or NovoIlium, at the modern Hissarlich (or Ancient Fortress) being found to belong to the Mycenian period of culture, which extends from about 1500 to 1200 B.C.-the last being the terminal date for the destruction of this Troy according to Dörpfeld, Troja and Ilion, 1902; and compare S.L., 292.