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ANGLES AND SAXONS A BRANCH OF BRITONS 187

Angles) is also recorded in the British Chronicles anterior to the 5th century, B.C.1

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It is thus seen that the Anglo-Saxons were a branch of the British Barat-Phoenicians or Britons, and that the Anglo-Saxon" language is derived from the Briton "Doric" or Dorian (or Troian) Gothic, or the British Gothic introduced into Britain by Brutus and his Barat Phoenician Catti or Goths about 1100 B.C.; and, to some extent, still earlier, by the Amorite Catti Phoenicians from about 2800 B.C.

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FIG. 25A. Prehistoric Catti Sun Crosses and Sun Spirals graved
on Sepulchral Stones at Tara, capital of ancient Scotia or Erin.
After Coffey (C.N.G. Figs. 34, 36.)

Described in Chaprs. XIX and XX.

XV

PHOENICIAN PENETRATION OF BRITAIN ATTESTED
BY "BARAT" PATRONYM IN OLD PLACE
AND ETHNIC NAMES

Disclosing also Phoenician Source of "Mor," "Cumber,' "Cymr" and "Somer" Names

"The principal nations of the Bārats are the Kurus [Syrians] and the able Panch [Phænic-ians].”—Ancient Indian Epics.1

THE ancient Aryan Barat tradition that "the whole world" was conquered by "the able Panch," or Phoenicians, has already been cited in the heading of page 1. And the ancient Aryan custom of taking their forefather Barat's name as a personal and tribal title (cited in the heading of chap. VII) has already been cited and further instanced by King Brutus or Peirithoos, properly "Barat," and King Part-olon of the Newton Stone monument, both calling themselves and their new colonies after the name of their most famous forefather, King Barat, the Khatti or Catti or "Hitt-ite" or Goth; the most celebrated ancestral king of the Hitto-Sumerians or Phoenicians; and some scores of Part-olon's descendants in North Britain also took that cherished old ancestral name.

2

Now, I find throughout Britain evidence of the Phoenician Barat rule and Civilization of these islands, in long preRoman times, exists widespread all over the country, in the ancient ethnic and dynastic "Barat" and "Catti" titles in the old place and river names of Britain, from farthest south to farthest north. ; and in the "Somer" and Mor, Amorite

names.

1 Vishnu Purana, 2, 3 and other Puranas. V.P., 2, 132, etc.

2 In Sanskrit Barat is not spelt, with a final expressed a ; and in the Hindi vernacular it is pronounced Barat."

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PHOENICIAN BARAT PENETRATION OF BRITAIN 189

Ancient racial, place and river names are found to be amongst the most imperishable of human things. This persistence of ancient place-names has been fully recognized by the leading archæologists as a "safe" means of recovering ancient history. Thus Sir F. Petrie remarks with reference to the ancient place-names in Palestine and Phoenicia as found in the Amarna cuneiform letters of about 1400 B.C.:

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I When we see the names Akka, Askaluna, Biruta, Gazri, Lakish, Qidesu, Tsiduna, Tsur, Urashalim [that is the modern Akka" or Acre, Ascalon, Beirut, Gezer, Lachish, Kadesh, Sidon, Sour, (the " Tyre" of Europeans) and "Jerusalem "'], all lasting with no change-or only a small variation in the vowelsdown to the present day it needs no further proof that ancient names may be safely sought for in the modern map."1

By the survey of these persistent ancient names surviving in the modern maps, we thus discover the early locations and distribution of the Barat Phoenician in their colonizing penetration of Early Britain. These names originally designated, presumably, isolated settlements and ports of the Barats, which were simply called "Barat town" in contrast to the aboriginal village in the neighbourhood. (See next chapter for the place-affixes to the tribal name Barat or Brit.)

We shall now survey briefly, in the light of our discoveries, the occurrence in the maps of this dynastic clan-title of Barat or "Brit-on" bestowed by these Brito-Phoenicians upon many of the early sites selected by them for colonization on the coast and in the interior of Britain, when they began to penetrate the land and form permanent settlements therein. As most of these "Barat" place-names presumably designated early settlements of the ruling clan, as attested by the very ancient remains at most of them, they afford, along with those of the "Catti" series of the tribal title, some clue to the routes and avenues by which this civilizing penetration was effected, and also a clue to some of the chief early centres from which the Aryan Civilization was diffused over the land. Most of these early "Barat" centres have now

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become relatively insignificant, through being swamped by the swarms of later new towns founded on new lines of traffic to suit new industries, iron, coal and other manufactures, but some of them still retain their ancient importance under their old name, as Burton-on-Trent, Barton-onHumber, Dun-barton, Part-ick and Perth, whilst others, such as Barden (Norwich) have changed their names, or, as "Bristol," (formerly Caer Brito) are now scarcely recognizable.

We also discover that the "Cymry Cymry" (pronounced Cumri) or Cumbers of Wales, Cumberland, and the North Cumbræ of Strath-Clyde appear to derive their name from the alternative tribal epithet of the Phoenicians, namely, "Sumer." This latter was a term occasionally used by the early ruling race in Babylonia, the "Sumerians" of modern Assyriologists, and who, I find, were Phoenicians.

This identity of the Cymry or Cumbers with the "Sumers," suggested by my discovery in various ancient mining centres in Britain and especially in the land of the Cymry or Cumbers of several scribings in the old "Sumerian" script of Babylonia (see later), is confirmed by finding that " Sumerian " is the basis of the British or " English "language, of which we shall find many further instances incidentally, as we proceed. It is also confirmed by the Welsh Cymry traditional account of the arrival of King Brut or "Prydain" (as his name is dialectically spelt in Welsh) in Britain, as found in the Welsh Triads, which confirm from an altogether independent source the tradition preserved in the Chronicles of Nennius and Geoffrey.

The First Triad1 says: "Three names have been given to the Isle of Britain from the beginning 'Clās Merddin

[literally, The Digging of the Mers or Mor-ites?] and afterwards Fel Ynys. When it was put under government by Prydain, son of Aedd-the-Great, it was called Inis Prydain,' and there was no tribute paid to any but to the race of the Cymry, because they first possessed [or invaded] it."

The Sixth Triad, supplementing this one, says: "First Hu Gadarn, originally conducted the nation of the Cymry into the Isle of Britain. They came from the Summer Country, which is called Deffro-Bani, and it was over the hazy sea'

Welsh Triads (Trioedd Ynys Prydain) in Myvyrian Archæology of Wales, vols. 2 and 3.

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Hazy or Misty Sea" is a recognized poetic name for the Mediterranean used by Homer (Iliad, 23, 743).

BARAT PHOENICIAN NAMES IN BRITAIN

191

that they came to the Isle of Britain and to Llydaw [Lud-dun ?]1 where they continued."

The different dialectic and phonetic spelling of the same names, Prut, Prydain, Briton and Britain we have already seen; and especially the widely-varied ways in which the Anglo-Saxons spelt" Britain " and " Briton," which accounts for a number of the present variations in spelling the "Barat" element in the place-names in question.

Starting from Brutus' or Barat's capital of " New Troy or London," we find Barat or Brit-on names of early Briton settlements radiating throughout the various home counties and the South of England and the Midlands. And significantly they often possess early Bronze Age and "ancient village" remains, and are largely found on the pre-Roman arterial roads, many of which, having been repaired and used by the Romans, are now called "Roman" roads. Proceeding westwards and to the south we find the following' :—

In Kent:

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Bred-hurst, near Kits' Coty dolmen and the "Roman" Watling Street.

Bord-en, on Watling Street, near Milton. Britten-den, adjoining Newenden, at ancient mouth of the Rother (1, 322)

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"Llydaw" is usually conjectured to mean Sea-coast and thought by Celtic scholars to be Armorica in Brittany (Lobineau, Histoire de Bretagne, 5, 6); but it now appears to be probably Lud-dun or "London." Here the Welsh Triads record that "Prydain," i.e., the Cymric spelling of Brutus or Barat as" Brit-on," gave his name to Britain and that he was of the race of the Cymry. The Sixth Triad, in supplementing this information, gives Prydain's personal name as Hu-Gad-arn," i.e.," Hu-the-Gad or Phoenician," and the affix Arn is obviously " Aryan," and cognate with the Cymric Aran," high," the Cornish Arhu, to command," and the IrishScot Aire, a chief or prince," literally, "exalted one," which also, as seen later, is the literal meaning of "Aryan in the Indo-Persian languages. The land from which he came," Deffro-Bani," seems to be perhaps the Welsh contracted corruption of the compound name Epirus-Pandosia," i.e., the very place in Greece whence, we have seen, Brutus or Peirithoos sailed to Britain-the prefixed D may have been a mistake of an earlier copyist, though D is sometimes introduced in Welsh spelling, thus Gwydion is the Welsh spelling of "Gawain " of the British Arthur legend. We now see why the elder Gildas called the whole of Britain "Cambre" or "The Land of the Cambers, Cumbers, or Cymry," i.e., Sumers.

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The numbers enclosed within brackets refer to the pages in Camden's Britannia, 2nd ed. Gough.

See previous note.

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