BARAT NAMES IN CUMBRIA & SCOTLAND Westmorland: Cumberland: Barton in Ambleside, remains. 197 with prehistoric Barton-on-Street, on old Roman road, near Burton (3, 412). Burton in Kendal, with ancient remains Brathay River with Broughton, near Amble- The Clyde Valley was another great artery through which Early Briton Civilization flowed into the remoter limbs of North Britain, with Dun-Barton or "Fort of the Bartons or Britons as a distributing centre. At the time of Ptolemy the upper estuary of the Clyde was occupied by the "Gad-enoi," that is," The people of the Gad or Phoenicians "; and we shall see later the numerous Gad" and "Catti" names in this area. " Below Dun-Barton are the "Cumbra Isles" with the beautiful island of Arran or "Land of the Arya or Aryans," with its highest mountain peak Goat-Fell or " Mount of the Goats or Goths" and stone-circles. Arran was one of the seven sacred burial places of the Irish-Scots, as recorded in the Ogam Chronicle of Kerry; and it was called by the Norsemen, in the ninth century A.D., Kumrey-ar" or "(Abode) of the Cumbers, i.e., Sumers." Above Dun-Barton we have Part-ick, or "The Wick (or town) of the Parts," at the highest navigable point of the river (until deepened a few miles further to Glasgow in modern times) at the mouth of the Kelvin rivulet; thence along the latter valley across the narrow waist of Scotland to the Forth on the East Coast girdled by the "Picts' Wall," or "Grim's Dyke," an earthen rampart, presumably originally erected by the Britons as a defence against the Northern Picts and Huns, and afterwards utilized and strengthened by Antoninus, after whom it is now generally IW.P.E., 106. 'The aboriginal Celtic name for " Dun-Barton was and is " Al-Clutha " or "Rock of the Clyde"-" Clutha" being “Clyde," the "Clothi" of the Romans. .་ Kumra" is Eddic for Cumber-land. P called by modern writers. This strategical and natural line is followed also by the modern engineers of the inter-ocean canal and railways. Midway at the watershed between the Kelvin and Forth Valleys stands "Cumber-nauld" or "Cum'er-naud" or "Hold of the Cumbers or Cum'ers" or Sumers, near a chief Roman fort on the Wall on the south, with its Camelot of the Arthur legend locally represented at Camelon on the Carron tributary of the Forth, where were the ruins of an ancient building known as " Arthur's O'on," which place is believed by some writers to be the historical Camlan, the site of the final battle between the historical Cymric King Arthur and Modred wherein both perished. The Forth frith is significantly commanded by the island of Inch Keith or "Isle of the Keiths or Catti," opposite which rises" Arthur's Seat" dominating Edinburgh, the "Dun Eden or Edin" of the Scots; and at its base flows the river Esk-the Trojan-Phoenician origin of which name we have seen-and the place-names "Pinkie" and "Penicuik" on that river, with the intervening Borth-wick on or near the Roman Watling Street, also suggest the name "Punic" or "Phoenician." Thence, coasting northwards, we pass the Wemyss Caves with prehistoric solar cult gravings (Figs. 60, 68) and St. Andrews to Perth, the ancient Berth or "City of the Berths or Perths," which latter dialectic form of Barat is seen to be in series with "Part-olon"; and there is another Bertha, with Roman and ancient Briton remains, a few miles distant, at the confluence of the Almond and Tay. Significantly also there is a 'Comrie" to the west of Perth, and the great plain at Perth and the adjoining Scone (the old seat of crowning of the Scottish kings) is named "Gowrie," and also with Stone circles in series with the Arthurian "Gower" on the Severn. 'The ruins of "Arthur's O'on " (or Oven), so called as long ago as 1293, were demolished long ago by the Carron Iron Foundry to make a dam for their works. The site appears to be visible from Arthur's Seat. 'S.C.P., 14, 161, and Celtic Scotland; and M.E.C., 73. This Camlan is placed in Cornwall by Geoffrey (Hist. Brit., 11, 2.) • Ib., 4, 140. 'S.C.P., xxii and cxlii. 4 C.B., 4, 134. BARAT NAMES IN DON VALLEY & IRELAND 199 The Don Valley, to the north of Perth, the site of Partolon's inscribed monument, contains in the neighbourhood of that monument, besides a considerable number of villages called "Catti" (see Map, p. 19) as distinguished from Pictish villages with the prefix of "Pit," also some of the Barat series, namely, "Bourtie," "Barth-ol" and "Ports-town." In Ireland the vestiges of the early Briton place-names are not wanting. I have not yet searched specially for them, but may instance Brittas Bay in Wicklow, with the town of Red Cross; another Brittas, the ancient seat of the O'Dunns, and Bally Brittas, both in Queen's County,' Brutain, with the adjoining Newton Breda, in Down, and Burton in Cork.' And Ireland of the Irish-Scots has also its "Holy Isles," with very ancient remains, including a magnificent " prehistoric " fort of cyclopean masonry in the Hitt-ite style, in Galway Bay, and also significantly named "Aran" or "Arran," which like the name "Erin " and " Ir-land," in series with the "Airy-ana" or "Ir-an" or "Land of the Aryans" of the ancient Sun-worshipping Aryans in the Orient. 1 Ib., 4, 311 and 312. 2 Ib., 4, 425. 3 lb., 4, 278: " XVI 'CATTI," "KEITH," "GAD" AND "CASSI" TITLES IN OLD ETHNIC AND PLACE-NAMES EVIDENCING PHOENICIAN PENETRATION OF BRITAIN AND ITS ISLES Confirming Hitto-Phoenician Origin of the "Catti" and "Cassi" Coins of Pre-Roman Britain "His [the Khattiya's'] sources of sub- THE Phoenician Barats' rule and civilization of Britain and its Isles in the pre-Roman period is also attested, I find, by the widespread prevalence of the Phoenician Barats' tribal title of Khatti, Catti, Gad and Kassi, in the old place and river names from south to north-from Cudder Point of Penz-ance with its old Phoenician tin and copper mines, a name now seen to preserve the Punic or Panch title of the Phonic-ians, to Caith-ness and Shet-land or Land of the Caiths, Khats or Catti, Xats, Shets, Ceti or Scots. The essentially ruling character of the Catti (or Khattiya) race is evidenced by the citation from the Indian epic in the heading, and explains the "Catti" title of the ruling Britons in the pre-Roman period on their coins, as well as the title of their ruling race in their home province, in the south of England, as the "Caty-euchlani" of Ptolemy. See p. 8 for the old Indian Pali form of this tribal name as Khattiyo, which is spelt Kshatriya in the later Sanskrit. 2 V.P., 3, 8; and 3, 87. CASSI PHOENICIAN NAMES IN CORNWALL 201 Penzance and Cornwall with its Cassi-terides tin islands seem to have been especially associated with the “Cassi” clan title of the Hitto-Phoenician Barats. We have seen that an ancient name for Penzance was "Burrit-on," presumably a form of " Place of the Barats or Brits." And it was clearly the tin-mines of Cornwall and its outlying islands, the Cassi-terides1, which first attracted the Phoenician Barats to Britain in the Bronze Age of the Old World for a supply of tin, the sparsely distributed and most essential constituent for the manufacture of bronze, of which latter, as well as tin, the Phoenicians were the chief manufacturers and distributors; and their chief source of supply appear to have been the Cornish mines in Britain. Some of these mines were presumably worked by the Phoenicians about 2800 B.C. or earlier, as we have seen. From all accounts, it was the " Cassi-terides" mines which were the first worked by them; and that name, as well as the old-world name for "tin" of "Cassi-teros" of Homer and the classic Greeks, or the Sanskrit Kastira, appear to preserve the "Cassi " title of that leading clan of the sea-going Phoenicians, as the chief distributors of this invaluable metal of the Old World. [This origin of that name seems confirmed by the fact that in Attic Greek the name for both tin and the Cassi-terides tinislands is spelt as "Katti-teros" and Katti-terides," thus using the same equivalency which was used in Britain for the Cassi and Catti" tribes and coins. And in the Indian Sanskrit tradition "Kastira" is tin, and the place-name "Kāstīra," or "Place of Kastira or Tin," was located in the "Land of the Bahikas," a despised outcast tribe who also gave their name to Ia sheet of water," and who now seem to be the Peahts or Picts of the Sea of " Victis " or " Icht " in Cornwall. Moreover, " These islands, which lay to the west or south-west of Land's End, are now submerged with the general sinking of the south coast of Britain. 2 Tin was called by the Greeks "Cassi-teros," by the ancient IndoAryans "Kas-tira," by the Arabs " Kaz-dir," and by the Assyrians and Sumerians, according to Prof. Sayce over forty years ago (S.I., 479) "Kizasadir," "Kasduru or Kazduru "—though these latter terms are not found in the recent Assyrian and Sumerian lexicons. The term " Stannum," now applied to tin, was originally used, as by Pliny, for an alloy of silver and lead, not tin itself; and the latter (tin) was called by him " White Lead" (Plumbum album), in contradistinction to lead, which was called Black Lead" (Plumbum nigrum)-Pliny, Nat. Hist., 34, 16; 33, 9. |