solar symbols, though strangely all reference to these "Cassi" coins is omitted by Evans in his monograph. Coins of this Catti-Cassi type, actually bearing the legends "Catti" or "Cas," are unfortunately very rare, as, being usually of gold, such coins have presumably been melted up by the finders to make jewellery, in order to escape the penalties incident to treasure trove, as remarked by Beale and others. But other later coins of this same type bearing kings' names and other legends (e.g., "Tascio," see later) are fairly numerous. They are found from Cornwall through Devon and Somerset and far up the Severn Valley to near Wroxeter. They are also found from Kent to Northumberland, and a few even in Scotland. They are most common, however, in the old home-kingdom of the later paramount Briton kings, who were at the time of Cæsar represented by Cassi-vellaunus, namely, the Land of the Caty-euchlani or "" Catuellani," from the Thames to the Humber. Thus these early Briton coins are found in those regions where we have discovered the widespread evidence of ancient Catti rule surviving in the many ancient and pre-Roman Briton place-names, with prehistoric remains there. The absence of kings' names upon the earlier Catti or Cas Briton coins seems to be explained by the fact that the early Briton kings were, like the early Phoenicians, members of a commonwealth of confederated Aryan city-states which presumably used the coins in common. The current notion also that the Early Britons derived their coinage by imitating a stater of Philip II. of Macedonia (360-336 B.C.)1 can no longer be maintained. Indeed, one of the chief advocates of this old theory was latterly forced to confess, on further observation, that the Macedonian stater could not be the sole "prototype" from which the Early Briton kings modelled their coinage. But more than this, it must now be evident to the unbiased observer that the Early British coins, with their symbolism, exhibit nothing whatever Macedonian in their type. The horseman and A theory re-advocated by Evans (E.C.B., 24, etc.), and adopted by Rhys (R.C.B., XV, etc.), and by Rice Holmes (H.A.B., 248, etc.). E.C.B., Supplement, 424. MACEDONIAN THEORY OF CATTI & CASSI COINS 213 chariot, which is sometimes figured on the Early Briton coins, and often as a winged or Pegasus horse, is by no means Macedonian in origin. It appears on coins and in glyptic art long anterior to the Macedonian period; and we have seen that Brutus came from the Macedonian frontier, within which was a colony of Parth-eni; so that the Britons doubtless derived that symbol independently from the same remote Barat source from which the Macedonians derived its unwinged form. And there is no trace on the Macedonian coins of the many solar Phoenician symbols which are stamped on the coins of the Britons, as we shall see later. In support of this Macedonian theory of Briton coinage, it is noteworthy that a type of coin was arbitrarily selected by its advocates, which is admittedly not Briton but "Gaulish." It is a type found commonly in Gaul, and when found in Britain it is more especially associated with the Gaulish tribe of Atrebates in Berkshire and other places inhabited by that tribe, who are usually identified with the "Belgæ" immigrants, who, Cæsar says, had recently before his arrival settled in the South of Britain. So obviously "Greek" or Macedonian was this Gaulish type of coin that the fact was already noted in Gough's Camden1 and by Poste. But the confusion of argument in rearing upon this Gaulish type the Macedonian theory of British coinage is obvious by the statements that "this [Gaulish] type is beyond all doubt the earliest of the British series, and derived through Gaul," yet on the same page this conclusion seems contradicted by admitting that "the British coins are in all probability earlier than the Gaulish"-which latter are placed at 150-100 B.C., as opposed to the earliest British, which he assigns to "a date somewhere between 150 and 200 B.C. The Ear of Corn, the symbolic Aryan-Phoenician meaning of which we shall see later, so frequently figured on the Catti-Cassi coins of the Early Britons (see Fig. 3 and later), and of Cunobeline,' and on Phoenician and Phoenicianoid coins In the text "Greek" is specified (1, cxiv); but the Index (p. 433) says "Macedonian." 'P.B.C., 7. 4 lb., 26. 5 Ib., 26. 3E.C.B., 25. • Ib., 26. of Spain,1 and in the coins of Phoenicia and Cilicia,' and absent in the Macedonian stater, is figured both as a solitary ear of corn and as crossed ears to form the sign of the Sun-Cross, as we shall see later. For the Barat Catti and Cassi, although seamen, were also essentially Aryan agriculturalists; and, as we have seen, their kinsmen, the Cassis of Babylonia, ploughed and sowed as a religious rite under the Sign of the Cross (see Fig. 12, p. 49). Now, the solitary ear of corn on the Briton coins is exactly paralleled in design in the early coin of Metapontum in the Taranto Gulf of Southern Italy, of about 600-480 B.C., which was presumably a port of the Phoenicians. And we find it in the Phoenician coins of Cilicia, and in the early Trojan amulets associated with Hitto-Sumerian inscriptions (see later Figures). [This sea-port of Metapontum was traditionally founded by Nestor on his return from the Trojan War; and it stands only about 200 miles due west, across the mouth of the Adriatic from Epirus, whence Brutus came with his bride. Nestor, significantly, moreover, was a friend and associate of Peirithoos (i.e., Brutus), and assisted the latter along with Coronus Caineus (i.e., Corineus) in rescuing Peirithoos' bride from the Kentaurs of Epirus. Metapontum, or Metabum, was a famous ship-building port, as well as noted for its agriculture and 115 golden corn, on the borders of the Bruttii land of S. Italy," and appears to have been actually within the Land of the Bruttii, who, we have seen, were Barat Phoenicians. These facts, therefore, whilst disclosing an early and presumably Phoenician source for the Ear of Corn device on the Early Briton coins-the Corn being part of the Phoenician solar symbolism, as we shall see-suggests that Nestor (name in series with that of the Trojan-Phoenician king Antenor and his son Agenor) was himself a Phoenician, and that his city-port " 1A.A.C., Pl. iii, Figs. 1, 2, 5, and Pl. iv, Fig. 8; Pl. vi, Figs. 3, 6, 9. Even in the Greco-Roman period. See H.C.P., cxx, 43, 113; and H.C.C., 16, 164. See Fig. 5, Plate V in G.A.C. This coin bears on its obverse the same Ear of Corn design in “incused " form, which feature is assumed to imply that the coin was I restruck on a coin of Corinth" (G.A.C., 204 and 459). But it appears to me more probable that this "incusion" is a survival of the "punch-marking," which was the rule in the earliest coins, struck a century or so before this period, and that the coin was entirely independent of Corinth. Cf. S, 222: 5, 2, 5; and 264. Nestor was the son of Neleus, king of Pylos in S.W. Greece, south of Epirus, and accompanied Hercules in his voyage for the Golden Fleece. S., 264: 6, 1, 15. Ib., 264. • Ib., 253: 6, 1, 3. 7 Ib., 254: 6, 1, 4. CATTI & CASSI PERSONAL NAMES IN BRITAIN 215 Metapontum with its ship-building trade was a colony of the Phoenicians; and that this coin with the Ear of Corn, as in the Briton coins, was Phoenician in origin as well as Phoenician in symbolic solar meaning, as seen later.] Vestiges also of the name of the Catti, Khatti or Gad tribal title of the Aryan-Phoenician civilizers of Britain clearly survive in several personal surnames of the present day, whose bearers presumably inherit that Aryan-Phoenician title by patrilinear descent.1 Thus, for example, the following surnames are more or less clearly of this origin and varying only in different phonetic forms of spelling the same name :Keith, Scott (from Xatti), Gait, Gates, Cotes, Coats, Coutts, Cotton, Cotteril, Cheatle, Cuthell, Cautley, Caddell, Cawdor, Guthrie, Chadwick, Cadman and Caedmon, Gadd, Gadsby, Geddes, Kidd, Kitson, Judd, Siddons, Seton, etc., and the lowland Scottish clan of Chattan. And amongst the Cassi series-the Kazzi or Qass of the Newton Stone-are Case, Casey, Cassels, Cash, Goss, Gosse, and the still-persisting French term for the Scot of "Ecossais." And similarly with the surnames derived from Barat or Prat, Gioln or 'Alaun, Sumer and Mur, Mor or Muru-e.g., Barret, Burt, Boyden, etc., Gillan, Cluny, Allan, etc., Summers, Cameron (of Moray-Firth), etc., Marr, Murray, Martin, etc. 'Surnames are generally stated to have been first introduced into Britain by the Normans, i.e. by a branch of the Nordic Gothic Aryans. Yet there are many classic instances of family surnames in ancient history, patrician and other. It is in any case probable that, when the fashion of surnames was made obligatory in Britain, those families who were so entitled adopted the name of their tribe, clan or subclan, which indeed we find as a fact many of them did. Such modern surnames thus seem to supply a presumption of some racial significance through the father's side, despite the intermixture through more or less intermarriage with other racial elements. SETIO FIG. 25B. Catti coin inscribed Ccetio from Gaul. (After Poste.) XVII PREHISTORIC STONE CIRCLES IN BRITAIN, DISCLOSED AS SOLAR OBSERVATORIES ERECTED BY MORITE BRITO-PHOENICIANS AND THEIR DATE Disclosing also Method of " Sighting" the Circles "The hoary rocks of giant size THE great "prehistoric" Stone Circles of gigantic unhewn boulders, dolmens (or "table-stones") and monoliths, sometimes called "Catt Stanes," still standing in weird majesty over many parts of the British Isles, also now appear to attest their Phoenician origin. The mysterious race who erected these cyclopean monuments, wholly forgotten and unknown, now appears from the new evidence to have been the earlier wave of immigrant mining merchant Phoenician Barats, or "Catti" Phoenicians of the Muru, Mer or Martu clan the "Amorite Giants" of the Old Testament tradition; and from whom it would seem that Albion obtained its earliest name (according to the First Welsh Triad) of "Clās Myrd-in (or Merddin)" or "Diggings of the Myrd." (On Morites in Britain probably about 2800 B.C., see Appendix VII., PP 413-5.) 1 This Early Phoenician title of Muru, Mer, Marutu or Martu, meaning "Of the Western Sea (or Sea of the Setting Sun)", which now seems obviously the Phoenician source of the names "Mauret-ania" or "Mor-occo" with its teeming megaliths, and of "Mor-bihan” (or "Little Mor") in Brittany, with its Sun-cult megaliths, is also found in several of the old mining and trading centres of the earlier Phoenicians in |