friable boulder sandstone formation (the so-called " Sarsen " stone). On my arrival I found people standing upon it, and this friction by the feet of visitors during the centuries has worn down the signs very shallow and almost worn them away in places. Yet the engraved marking is nevertheless still quite unmistakable in its main features. The “diamond” is of almost identical size with that of the Keswick Circle, and is somewhat more rectangular in shape.

This Observation Stone at Stonehenge lies probably in its original spot and prone position; and is not a "fallen" stone or fragment, as supposed. Its location with reference to the great horse-shoe crescent of colossal lintelled "trilithons," the so-called temple, a structure which now forms the most conspicuous feature of the modern Stonehenge, discloses the important fact that this "trilithon" temple is of relatively late origin, and erected by a different people from those who erected and used the Stone Circle, and belonging to a non-Sun-worshipping cult. This is evidenced by the fact that the "trilithon" temple completely blocks the view from the Observation Stone to the centre of the Circle and from thence out along the axis of the outlying index pillars and great avenue to the N.E. to the point of Midsummer Sunrise; and also by the fact that the users of this trilithon" temple and its temple and its "altar" stone must in their ritual have habitually turned their backs on the Rising Sun. This trilithon temple was thus presumably erected by later Druids, like the later " temple temple" within the Keswick Circle. The Druids were anti-solar, and worshippers of the Moon-cult of the vindictive aboriginal Mother goddess and addicted to bloody and human sacrifices, which were antagonistic and abhorrent to the " Sun-worshippers." It thus appears probable that this "trilithon" "trilithon" temple at Stonehenge was erected by later Celtic Druids within the old Circle of the Sun-worshipping Aryan Britons, after the latter had abandoned it, presumably on their conversion to Christianity; and that it probably dates to no earlier than about the sixth century A.D., when we are told by Geoffrey that the Druid magician Merlin erected buildings of gigantic stones at

OBSERVATION TABLE-STONE AT STONEHENGE 233

Stonehenge. And the tooled or worked condition of the stones supports this late date.

The orientation of the original old Stonehenge Circle of the Sumerian "Sun-worshippers" for the Midsummer solstice observation is abundantly attested by the great earthen embanked "avenue" extending from the Circle for about five hundred yards to the N.E. in the axis of the Circle, and in the exact line of the summer solstice sunrise; and also by the two great monolith pillars of undressed Sarsen stone, obviously for sight-lines placed in the middle line of this

avenue," namely the so-called "Friar's Heel," about 250 feet from the Circle, and a similar one nearer the Circle, now fallen and fantastically called "The Slaughter Stone" on the notion that it was originally laid flat and used by the Druids to immolate their victims there."

The function of this Observation Stone at Stonehenge was clearly identically the same as that of the corresponding Observation Stone at Keswick. It also acted in the same way as the back-sight of a rifle in aligning the Sunrise or Shooting the Sun." Before being blocked out by the erection of the trilithon horse-shoe temple, it commanded a straight view to the N.E., through the centre of the old Circle and out beyond the edge of the N.E. pillar of the Circle, along the northern edges of the two outstanding index or indicator monolith pillars (the “Slaughter Stone" and "Friar's Heel ") and right along the middle of the great avenue" beyond these to the point of Midsummer solstice sunrise. This fact is graphically shown in the annexed diagram (Fig. 29), wherein the real use of the outstanding indicator monolith pillars is now disclosed for the first time. It is seen to be the northern perpendicular edges of these pillars which provided the sight-line, and not the top of the middle peak of the "Friar's Heel" pillar, as surmised by

G.C., 8, 10-11; and C.B., 1, 134.

Sir A. Evans on archæological grounds dates the massive part of Stonehenge with its trilithons no earlier than 'the end of the fourth and beginning of third century B.C." (Arch. Rev., 1889, 322, etc.); whilst Fergusson ascribed it to the Roman period or later.

It is not impossible, however, that it may have been so used by the Druids after it had fallen and the circle was abandoned by the Sun-worshippers.

Sir N. Lockyer and others. This "Friar's Heel" peak, indeed, while soaring to the south of the middle line of the " avenue" and far above its plane, could not possibly give the point of Sunrise on the horizon, as by the time the Sun had risen to the top of the Friar's Heel pillar the actual sunrise had long passed, and that at a point considerably to the north of the Friar's Heel peak.

Similar observation stones I also found in several other of the larger Circles containing the S.W. sector, and bearing the diamond marking obviously for the back-sighting in the observation. It is thus evident that the primary purpose of these great prehistoric Stone Circles erected by the BritoPhoenicians was for solar observatory determination of the summer solstice; though the existence of outlying indicator stones and avenues in other directions in some Circles suggests that they were used secondarily sometimes for fixing other solar calendar dates. These great observatories thus attest the remarkable scientific knowledge of solar physics possessed by their erectors, and their habit of shooting the sun," as well as their great engineering skill in moving and erecting such colossal stones.

These Stone Circles have been supposed to have been used also as Sun temples. This has been inferred from the existence of special entrances at the cardinal points, and also from the elaborate avenues attached to some of them, and supposed to have been used for ritualistic processions; and it is also suggested by the apparent later use of some of them by the Druids as temples. They were undoubtedly considered sacred, as seen in the frequency of ancient burials in their neighbourhood. This is especially evident at Stonehenge where the great numbers of tombs of the Bronze Age in the neighbourhood of that monument, and the remarkable riches in gold and other jewellery interred along with the bodies implies that it had been a sacred burial place for the royalty and nobility of a considerable part of Ancient

Thus "Long Meg" Circle, near Penrith in Cumberland (where the Observation Stone is a roundish boulder "table" with mark on the top nearly breast high), and the Circles at Oddendale and Reagill in Westmorland near Shap.

CIRCLES PHOENICIAN SOLAR OBSERVATORIES 235

Britain for many centuries. And even the round-headed Huns of the East Coast had been attracted to it, as evidenced by some round barrows with round-headed skulls.

They also appear to have been used at times as Law-Courts. Homer, in describing the famous shield of Achilles, which was probably made by the Phoenicians, like most of the famous works of art in the Iliad, states that elders of the early Aryans were represented thereon as meeting in solemn conclave within the Stone Circle. And in Scotland the Stone Circle was also used at times as a Law-Court. This supplies the reason, I think, why these Circles are sometimes called Hare-Stanes," as at Insch near the Newton Stone, and elsewhere." This term "Hare seems to me to be the "Harri" or "Heria" title of the ruling Goths in the Eddas, which I show is the equivalent of the Hittite title of “ Harri ” or " Arri" or "Arya-n." It is thus in series with the title of the Circles at Keswick, etc., as "Castle Rig"-" Rig being the title of the Gothic kings and princes. And the name "Kes-wick" (with its ancient copper mines) means "Abode of the Kes" i.e., the Cassi clan of the Hittites.

We thus see that the great prehistoric Stone Circles in Ancient Britain were raised by the early Mor-ite scientific Brito-Phoenicians as solar observatories, to fix the solsticial and other dates for the festivals of their Sun-cult; and that their descendant Britons continued to regard them as sacred places down to the latter end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Christian era; and this sacred tradition survived until a few centuries ago.

1" The elders were seated on the smooth stones in the sacred circle," Il., 18, 504.

In the Aberdeen Chartulary of 1349 is a notice of a court held at the Standing Stones in the Don Valley, apud stantes lapides de Rane en le Garuiach," when William de St. Michael was summoned to answer for his forcible retention of ecclesiastic property (Regist. Episcop. Aberdon, 1, 79); and again, in the Chartulary of Moray a regality court was held by Alexander Stewart, Lord of Radenoch and son of Robert II. at the Standing Stones of Raitts, stating "apud le standard stanes de la Rath de Kinguey." And when the Bishop of Murray attended this Court to protest against certain infringements of his rights, it is stated that he stood outside the circle:-" extra circum." Regist. Episcop. Morav., p. 184. And Kirkurd, Peebles; Feith Hill, Inver Keithney, Banff. Trans. Hawick Archeol. Socy., 1908, p. 26.

XVIII

PREHISTORIC "CUP-MARKINGS" ON CIRCLES, ROCKS, &c., IN BRITAIN, & CIRCLES ON ANCIENT BRITON COINS & MONUMENTS AS INVOCATIONS TO

SUN-GOD IN SUMERIAN CIPHER SCRIPT

BY EARLY HITTO-PHOENICIANS

Disclosing Decipherment and Translations by Identical Cupmarks on Hitto-Sumerian Seals and Trojan Amulets with explanatory Sumerian Script; and Hitto-Sumerian origin of god-names "Jahveh" or "Jove," Indra, "Indri"-Thor of the Goths, St. "Andrew," Earth-goddess "Maia" or May, "Three Fates" & English names of Numerals

"Time, which antiquates antiquities, and hath an art to make dust of all things, hath yet spared these minor monuments."-Sir THOMas Browne.

BEFORE proceeding to examine the mass of new evidence for the former widespread prevalence of "Sun-worship" amongst the Ancient Catti Barats or Britons who erected the prehistoric Stone Circles in Britain, and amongst their descendants down to the Christian period, it is desirable here to see what light, if any, our newly-found HittoSumerian origin of the Britons may throw upon the prehistoric " Cup-markings" which are sometimes found carved upon stones in these circles, in funereal barrows, upon some standing stones, dolmens and stone-cist coffins, and on rocks near Ancient Briton settlements, over a great part of the British Isles (see Fig. 30), and in Scandinavia and other parts of Europe and the Levant, associated with megalith culture, and whose origin, carvers and meaning of the Cup-markings have now been completely forgotten.