CUP MARKINGS IN BRITAIN & TROY 237 These Cup-markings have long been the subject of many varied surmises, admittedly or patently improbable ;1 and especially so the latest theory that they are merely "decorations." FIG. 30.-Prehistoric "Cup-markings on Monuments in " British Isles. a. Stone in chambered barrow at Clava, Inverness-shire. S.A.S., S.A.S., d. Standing stone at Ballymenach, Argyle-shire. S.A.S., Pl. 18, 2. e. Another stone at same. S.A.S., Pl. 17, 3. f. "Caiy" stone, 11 ft. high, near British camp" near Edinburgh. S.A.S., Pl. 17, I. g. Jedburgh stone. S.A.S., Pl. 16, 1. As I observed that many of the ancient Briton pre-Roman coins also were studded with circles, single and concentric, in groups or clusters (see Figs. in next Chapter), which generally resembled the prehistoric "cup-markings"; and that some of the ancient Greco-Phoenician coins of Cilicia and Syrio-Phoenicia contained analogous groups of circles associated with the same divinities as in the Briton coins, and that many of the "whorls" of terra-cotta dug up from the ruins of Ancient Troy by Schliemann, and which I had found were amulets, also contained numerous depressed cup-marks like the British, in definite groups and associated with the solar Swastika or Sun Crosses, and containing Sumerian writing hitherto unobserved and explanatory of the "cups" and connecting the British cup-markings with the Trojans and so confirming the British Chronicle tradition, I therefore 1 Review of theories in S.A.S., 92, etc. 1 • Windle, W.P.E., 123-4. turned to the sacred seals of the Hitto-Sumerians, to find if they might supply a clue to the origin and meaning of the Trojan and British "Cup-marks." " (From Schliemann.)1 Note definite groups of cups" and dots with Crosses and Swastikas and in a True Cross springing from Rayed Sun. The large central hole is for string attachment of amulet. Interpretation on p 252. I then found that the ancient sacred seals and amulets of the Hitto-Sumerians, from the fourth millennium B.C. onwards, figured similar groups of circles, some of them ringed," and associated with Sun and Swastika (see Fig. 32). And from their repeated recurrence attached to the figures of a particular god or gods, it seemed clear that they were used to designate that particular god or gods (see Fig. 33). Further examination confirmed this. It thus became evident that these circles, arranged singly and in groups of specific numbers, formed a recognized method 1a. Terra-cotta amulet. S.I., No. 1954. from Sun. b. Panel of a globe amulet, No. 1993. resurrecting or returning Sun. c. Another panel of same. Note True Cross springing Note reversed Swastika for d. Another panel of same. e. No. 1988. f. No. 1999. Panel of a globe amulet. h. Amulet in 1929. k. 510. g. Terra-cotta seal No. 493. 1. Amulet 1953. j. 1984. CUP MARKINGS IN HITTO-SUMERIAN 239 of designating particular gods, or aspects of the One FIG. 32. Cup-marks" on archaic Hitto-Sumerian Seals and Amulets. (After Delaporte.) a. D.C.O. (L.) 4 pl. 1 from Tello, with concave marks convex. c. Ib. pl. 23 from Susa. with concave marks. All from Susa. i. Ib. pl. 58, Gaza. " cup-marks.' "1 b. Ib. pl. 16 from Susa, e. Ib. pl. 32. f. pl. 20, h. Ib. pl. 57 from Gaza. Gaza. Universal God and his angels amongst the Hitto-Sumerians. FIG. 33-Circles as Diagnostic Cipher Marks of Sumerian and (Iahveh or Jove or Indara)." From Sumerian Seal of about 3000 B.C., after W.S.C. 300b. For description see p. 252. In order to understand the meaning and origin of the religious values attached by the Sumerians to the circles and their numbers, it is necessary to refer to the system of Dr. Delaporte reports it is pierced by two holes, and on reverse is a buckle for attachment. This implies its use as a "button-amulet," like those found in Troy and Britain, also with similar lined Cross (see Chapter XX). AW numeration invented and used by the Sumerians, which is admittedly the basis of our own modern system of numerical notation. All the more so is this necessary, as I find that many of the names of our numerals in English, and in the Aryan languages generally, are also derived from the Sumerian names for these numbers, although this fact has not hitherto been noticed. This, therefore, affords still further evidence for the Sumerian origin of the Aryans, and of the Britons and Scots and Anglo-Saxons in particular. Simple numerals were written by the Early Sumerians by strokes, such as / for I, // for 2, /// for 3 and so on up to 9a system which has survived in the Roman numerals up to IIII, and on the dials of modern clocks and watches. But when engraved on stones, these lower numeral strokes were at first formed by the easier process of drilling, by the jewelled drill worked by a bowstring fiddle, thus forming circular holes, O, the so-called "cups." The numeral One was called by the Sumerians Ana, Un or As, which is now seen to be the Sumerian origin of our English "One" (Scot Ane, Anglo-Sax. An, Old English Oon, Gothic Ein and Ains, Scand. Een, Greek Oinos, Lat. Unus, French Un); whilst As is now disclosed to be the Sumerian origin of our English "Ace" (Old English As, Greek Eis, Latin As, unity"). And it is of great significance that this word As, which the Sumerians also used for "God" as "Unity," is the usual title As or Asa, for the Father-god, in the Gothic epics, the Eddas, which, as we have seen, are now believed to have been largely composed in Ancient Britain. " Similarly, the numeral "Two" was called by Sumerians Tab or Dab, which is now disclosed as the Sumerian origin of our English word " Two" (Scot and Anglo-Sax. Twa, Gothic Tva or Tvei, Scand. Tva, Tu, Greek and Latin Duo, Sanskrit Dva-B and V or W being often interchangeable dialectically, as we have seen. The Sumerian reading for "Three" is uncertain; but the numeral "Four " reads Gar and Ga-dur, which thus equate with the Indo " Nine was also written by the Sumerians as ten minus one," as it still survived in the Roman. SUMERIAN ORIGIN OF ARYAN NUMERALS 241 Persian Car, Latin Quatuor, Fr. Quatre, Sanskrit Catur, Gaelic Ceithor and our English Quart and Quarter). Six is As and in Akkad Siśśu; Seven is Sissina (or Six" plus "One") and Sibi in Akkad; and Eight is Ussu, which equates with the Breton Eich, Eiz1 and fairly with the Sanskrit Asta and Scot and Gaelic Acht. And the Sumerian names of other numerals may also prove, on reexamination, to be more or less identical with the Aryan. The occult values attached to certain numbers by the Sumerians, through ideas associated with particular numbers, was the origin of the mystical use of numbers in the ancient religions of the East and Greece referred to by Herodotus and other writers, as current amongst the adepts in the mysteries of the Magians, Pythagoras, Eleusis, and later amongst the Gnostics, and surviving in some measure in religion to the present day. Thus "One" as "Unity" and " and "First," was secondarily defined by the Sumerians as complete" and perfect," and thus also represented "God, heaven and earth." When formed by a circle or "cup-mark," it especially represented the Sun and Sun-god, who are also represented by a circle with a central dot in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Different sizes of circles, and concentric circles, and semicircles or curved wedges had different numerical and mystical values attached to them as shown in the accompanying Figure; and all of these forms and groups of о I or 10 (A, Ana, U, Un, Buru), Earth, Heaven, God = 1 (Ana, As), One, God, sixty (as a cycle). =3,600 (Śār), great cycle, perfection, totality. = 36,000 (Śaru), all-in-all (well of totality,' Infinity ?). = FIG. 34.-Circle Numerical Notation in Early Sumerian with values. 1 G.D.B., 197. This is based on researches of Thureau-Dangin. T.R.C., pp. 78, etc. 'Br., 8631, etc.; as Earth, Br., 8689; as That One," Br., 8765. • = 60 × 60. Cp. B.B.W., p. 192, 364. Sara in Sanskrit also a pool and sea, and well. |