circles are found in the prehistoric "cup-marks" in the British Isles. This early method of numerical notation by circles was especially used by the Sumerians in their religion to designate God, and different aspects of the godhead and Heaven, Earth and Death, and in the later polytheistic phase to distinguish a few different divinities, as we have seen in the sacred seal in Fig. 33. Thus, whilst the single circle, or numeral for one, was, like the sign of the rayed Sun itself, used to designate "God" (as First Cause), the Sun and Sun-god and latterly gods in general and Heaven, the higher numbers in definite groups of small circles designated different members of the godhead, &c., as recorded in the bilingual Sumero-Akkadian glossaries. With the aid of these circle marks we are able to identify the Hitto-Sumerian god-names on the seals and tablets with the names of the leading Aryan gods of classic Greece and Rome, of the Indian Vedas, of the Gothic Eddas, and of the Ancient Britons, as inscribed on their pre-Roman coins and monuments, and not infrequently accompanied in the latter by the same groups of circle marks. In this table, for convenience of printing, an ordinary O type is used to represent the perfect circle of the originals. O=1 or 10 (A, Ana, As, U, Un, etc.). ว God as Monad, Ana, "The One," Lord, Fathergod I-a (or Bel), or In-duru, Sun-god Mas or Mashtu ("Hor-Mazd "). Earth, Heaven and Sun. 00=2 or 20 (Tab, Tap, Dab, Man, Min3 Niš). or 0 Sun-god as "Companion of God," also called Buzur, Ra' or Zals (" Sol "), also Nas-atya in Hittite and Sanskrit. Is dual-or 2-faced-the visible Day Sun and Night or "returning " Sun, • Br. 8654. See later. • See later. 1 Br., 8688. Min was possibly used in Britain as synonym, in view of the nursery counting out rhyme, "Eeny, Meeny, Mainy Mo," etc. • Br. 9944. Buz is described as the Gid" or Serpent Cad-uceus holder, which accounts for the 2 serpents figured on rod of Sun-god and below the Sun on some Sumerian seals and on Egyptian figures of the Sun and on rod of Mercury. B.B.W., No. 337, 6, 8, 56; and Langdon, J.R.A.S., 1921, 573. 8 Br., 7777. CIRCLE OR CUP-MARK SUMER SCRIPT 243 and origin of Dioscorides. Frequent on Briton monuments and coins.1 000=3 or 30 (Eš, Uśu) Moon, Moon-god Sin. Also (?) Death (Bat or " The Three Sybils or Fates. 0000=4 or 40 (Gars Gadur,• Nin, Madur).” or 00 00 Mother Goddess Ga-a (=Gaia) or Ma-a'(=Maia, 000=5 or 50 (Ia, Ninnu, Taś-ia). Archangel messenger Tas-ia,11 Tas or Tesu(b), 000=6 or 60 (As, Akkad Siśśu). 000 Sea-storm god or spirit, Mer, Muru or Marutu (Akkad Ramman, is Adad and Sanskrit Maruta). 0000=7 or 70 (Sissu, Imin, Akkad Siba). 000 "Field of Tas "16 Capital city. (=?Himin or "Heaven" of Goths and " 7th Heaven "?)." 17 0000=8 or 80 (Ussa). 0000 "Field of Tas "1 [8 was number of Dionysos].1 00000=9 or 90 (Ilim). 0000 He-Goat."20 " God Elim (Bel, En-Sakh" or En-Lil" or Dara ?) [9 was number of Is judge and chief heavenly witness seeing all things; and chief oracle and oath god. " Signs, Br., 9971, read Ma-tu preferably to Ba-tu, thus equating with Akkad Matu, Mutu, "die, death,' and Aryan Pali Mato, Indo-Persian Mat," Death." This is confirmed by its Akkad synonym Mutitu="Condition of Death' (cp. M.D., 619); and a defaced Sumerian word for 'Death" in glossary is spelt Ma.. (P.S.L., 110), presumably " Matu." "" " "Ea," cp. Br., 5414 and 11319. 11 Br., 10038, for signs, and Br., 11253, etc., for values. 12 Br., 10038. 13 Br., 10037. 14 T.C.R., 517. 15 Br., 12198. 16 Br., 10050. 17 On Im="Heaven," cp. Br., 2241. Pleiades are not in the list. 18 Br., 10053. 19 W. Westcott, Numbers and Occult Power, 83. 20 Br., 8884. M.D., 271; also " Gazelle" and "Chamois" (S.H.L., =3600 (Sar, Di). 1 Perfect, complete, Goodness." God Ana ("The =36,000 (Śaru, Infinity). (la) God, Ia or Induru (Indara.) We thus find that the Father-god of the Sumerians (and of the Hitto-Phoenicians), whose earliest-known name, as recorded on the Udug trophy Bowl of the fourth millennium B.C., is " Zagg" (or Za-ga-ga, which, with the soft g gives us the original of "Zeus," the Dyaus and Sakka of the Vedas and Pali, and the "Father Sig" or Ygg of the Gothic Eddas) is recorded by the single-circle sign as having the equivalent of Ia or Bel, thus giving us the Aryan original of “Iah” (or “Jehovah ") of the Hebrews, and the "Father Ju (or Ju-piter)" or Jove of the Romans. This title of Ia (or "Jove ") for the Father-god (Bel), as represented by the single circle, is defined as meaning " God of the House of the Waters," which is seen to disclose the Sumerian source of the conception of Jove as "Jupiter Pluvius" of the Romans. This special aspect and function of the Father-god was obviously conditioned by the popular need of the Early Aryans in their settled agricultural life for timely rain and irrigation, with water for their flocks and herds, as well as their seafaring life. We therefore find him often represented in the sacred seals of the Sumerians and Hittites, from about 4000 B.C. onwards, as holding the vase or vases of "Life-giving Waters," which are seen issuing from his vase, and which he as "The Living God" bestows upon his votaries (see Fig. 35).* This beautiful conception of the bountiful Father-god by our Early Aryan ancestors, and authors of the cup-mark inscriptions, at so very remote a period, which is preserved in their sacred seals as well as in the contemporary inscribed tablets, renders it desirable here to draw attention to the vast treasure-house of authentic early history of our ancestors which is conserved in these sacred seals of the Sumerians, 2 Br., 8209 and 8212 and on Bil, see later. 1 Br. 8213. 'Br., 8201. • Br., 8219. 5 Br. 8272. See f.n. 2, p. 246. ARYAN FATHER-GOD IN SACRED SEALS 245 Hittites, Phoenicians, and Kassi and other Babylonians, in order to understand aright the cup-mark inscriptions and symbols on the " prehistoric " Briton monuments and Briton coins and the deity who is therein invoked. Many thousands of the actual original seals of the Early Aryan kings, highpriests, nobles and officials, and many of them inscribed, have fortunately been preserved to us down through the ages. They form a vast picture-gallery of authentic facts, vividly portraying, not only the religious beliefs and ideals of our Aryan ancestors, and their conception of God and the Future FIG. 35.-Father-god Ia (Iahvh or " Jove ") or Indara bestowing From Sumerian seal of King Gudea, about 2450 B.C. Note the horned Gothic head-dress and costumes of that period, with long beard and cleanshaven lips. The Sun, as angel, with his double-headed Serpent Caduceus, introduces the votaries. The flower-bud on top of vase is the Sumerian word-sign for "Life.' " Life, but also preserve the contemporary portraits of early Aryan kings, queens, priests and people, the details of their dress and the high æsthetic feeling and civilization of those early periods. And the very highly naturalistic art and technique displayed in the drawing is all the more remarkable when it is remembered that the drawing is on such a minute scale and delicately engraved on hard jewel stones. These seals and their contemporary tablet-records disclose the important fact that the Aryan Father-god (Bel) was already imagined in human form, and on the model of a 1 D.C.O.(L).I. By permission of Librairie Hachette; and cp. W.S.C., 368a and 650. S beneficent earthly king so early as about 4000 B.C. He is of fine Aryan type (see Figs. 33, 35, etc.), with Gothic horned chaplet, richly robed, and usually enthroned beside the Sun. This was evidently also the conception of the Universal God by our Aryan ancestors, even when the more idealistic of them refrained from making his graven image, and figured him merely by the simple circle of "Unity" and "Perfection," as engraved on many Hitto-Sumerian seals and on the cup-mark inscriptions in prehistoric Britain. Although calling him "I-a" (or Jove), that same wordsign was also read by the Sumerians as In-duru, the “Indara" of the Hittites, the Indra of the Vedas, the "Indri-thedivine" title of Thor in the Gothic Eddas. And this name of Indara, we shall find later, is the source of the name and of the supernatural miraculous part of the Church legend of St. Andrew, the patron saint of the later Goths, Scyths and Scots. The dual circles or "cups" for the Sun, connote the ancient idea that the Sun apparently moved round the earth and returned East for sunrise under the earth or ocean somehow so as to form two phases, as the "Day" Sun and the Night" (or submarine "returning ") Sun-a notion also believed by the writers of the Hebrew Old Testament. " These dual circles for the Sun, denoting his day and night phases, seen in Fig. 33, are again seen in the seal of about 2400 B.C. in Fig. 36, which represents the owner of the votive seal being introduced by the archangel Tasia1 to the Resurrecting Sun-god (two-headed as before) emerging on the East (or left hand) from the waters of the Deep (and behind him the swimming" Fish-god" of the Deep), wherein the Sun-god's name is written Ra or Zal, inscribed immediately underneath the two circles. These names for him now disclose the Sumerian source of the Egyptian Ra I See later. The other name in panel to left, immediately under the head of the 'Fish-god" of the Deep, reads A-a, and is defined as "God of the Water Vase of the Uku (? Achaia) people" (Br. 10692), and appears to represent the Sun-god's father Ia, the Creator, resurrecting from the Deep, or his 'House of the Waters "-the Spirit of God moving upon the face of the Waters. "Indra loves the Waters" (R.V. 10. 111. 10). 'Indra lets loose " " the Waters for the benefit of mankind." (R.V. 1. 57. 6 etc., 4. 19. 8 etc.). |