day (see Fig. 45), was in use in Early Britain down to the Middle Ages in the hands of St. Kentigern and others, as we have seen, for generating the sacred fire. The Vedic hymns of the ancient Indo-Aryans contain numerous references and directions for the production of the Sacred Fire in this way; and significantly it is the Barats who are chiefly referred to as producing the Sacred Fire with twin fire-sticks, and especially their "Able Panch" or Phænician clan of priest-kings,

[Thus: "The Barats-Srava the divine (and) Vāta the

divine

Have dextrously rubbed to Life effectual Fire:

O God of Fire, look forth with brimming riches,
Bear us each day our daily bread ! "]1

and it is these twin fire-sticks which, we have seen, were mystically used to form the sacred Ogam script of the Irish Scots and of the Newton Stone (Fig. 7, p. 30).

FIG. 45.-Twin Fire-sticks crossed in Fire-production,
as used in modern India.

(After Hough).

Note the sticks are bamboo. The lower section shows how the heat of
the sawing ignites the falling sawdust as tinder.

The Cross was thus freely used as the symbol of Divine Victory of the Sun on the earliest Sumerian (or Early Aryan) sacred seals from about 4000 B.C., and continued so to be used by the Hittites, Phoenicians, Kassis, Trojans, Goths and Ancient Britons, and worn as an amulet down through the ages into the Christian period. It was figured both in its simple form, and also decorated and ornamented in various

R.V., 3, 23, 2.

'W. Hough, Methods of Fire-making. Rept. U.S. Nat. Museum, Boston, 1890-95.

FORMS OF CROSS, HITTO-SUMER & BRITON 293

ways like a jewel, as seen in the accompanying Figs. 46 and 47. The former Fig. gives the forms of the Cross as found on Sumerian, Hittite, Phoenician, Kassi and Trojan seals, inscriptions, vases and amulets; whilst Fig. 47 shows the identical Hitto-Sumerian and Phoenician conventional variations in the form of the Cross as found on the prehistoric and pre-Christian monuments and pre-Roman coins of Ancient Britain.

This simple equilateral form of the Sun Cross of Divine Victory, was sometimes ornamented by the Catti (or Hittites) and Sumerians by doubling its borders, so as to superimpose one or more crosses inside each other, as in the "Cassi " Cross (see Figs. 12, 46), and by decorating it with jewels or fruits (Fig. 46) and by broadening its free ends to form what is now called "The Maltese" Cross, which is found on the ancient Sumerian sacred seals and as amulets on the necklaces of the priest-kings in Babylonia, etc. (Fig. 46, e, E).1 And it is a variety of this amulet or necklace form, with a handle at the top, or pierced with a hole above for stringing on a necklace or rosary, which has hitherto been called " The Phoenician" or "Egyptian" or Crux ansata, or "Key of Life-to-come" (Fig. ź, S); whilst the other forms of crosses of the St. George type, though found on the same old Phoenician sites, have been arbitrarily deemed non-Phoenician. But this so-called "Phoenician" or "Egyptian" Cross is not uncommonly figured on Hittite sacred seals as a symbol of the Sun-god, the reason being that the Phoenicians, as we have so repeatedly seen, were also Khatti, Catti, "Hatti" or "Hitt-ites" themselves.

Another common form of this simple Sun Cross is the Swastika, which we have, carved, in the centre of the Phoenician votive pillar to Bel at Newton. This is formed from the simple " St. George's Cross" by adding to its free ends a bent foot, pointing in the direction of the Sun's apparent movement across the heavens, i.e., towards the right hand and thus forming the "Swastika" or what I call

2

Bonomi, Nineveh, 333, etc. See W.S.C. for numerous other examples. Fig. 40, p. 250. W.S.C., 808-9, etc., etc.

FIG. 46.-Sun Crosses, Hitto-Sumerian, Phoenician, Kassi and
Trojan, plain, rayed, and decorated on seals, amulets,
etc., 4000-1000 B.C.

NOTE.-Compare with Ancient Briton forms in Fig. 47; and note, re "Celtic" Cross, numbers i, k to n and to v and . Detailed references in footnote 1 on F. 296.

f

Coins in Britain.

Note, in comparing with remote originals in Fig 46 especially the pronged Cross for adoration (J) Cuneiform (Crosses C and L), Cassi" Crosses (P-R), Swastikas, key and curved (T and K) Grain and Fruit Crosses (H-J'); and "Ankh or Handled Crosses (V). Detailed reference in footnote on p. 297.

References to Hitto-Sumerian Crosses in Fig. 46. Abbreviations: C=C.M.C.; Co=C.S.H.; D=D.C.O.; H=H.H.S.; S=S.I.; W= W.S.C.; WM=W.S.M.

"

"

a Sumer sign for Sun-god Bil (Br., 1802, 1778) or Fire-god with word-value Bar, also Pir or “Fire" (Br., 1724) and defined as flame, fire, wood, twin (Br., 1810, 1756, 1811, and B.B.W., pp. 41-3), i.e., Twin fire-sticks. On seals W, 14, 539, etc., D(L), Pl. 41, 5 and 8; D(B) 24, 68, etc.

b

a1 Oriented or X Cross, W, 368, 488, etc.; D(L), Pl. 13, 18; 24, 15, 58, 26, etc. Co, 223-6, etc. a' Other form of same W, 488. Sumer sign for Sceptre" also="Shining and Sun-god of Street (Br., 5573, 5617 and B.B.W., p. 131, No. 48). On seals W, 215, 1205. b1 Same oriented W, 490, and a threebarred W, 273. c-d, Fruit Crosses (Gurin), Br., W, 455, etc. d', W, 24.

W, 700, 755, 1071, etc.; 538.

W, 532, etc., 1293, and Saltire (X), W, 559.

5903-5

W, 41, etc. g' Rayed Cross, very common, W, 37, etc.
W, 23, 24, 542, 620, etc.

W, 126, 270, 282-3, etc.
W, 274, 319, 339, etc.

k

W, 324, 850, 946, etc.

h W, 139b, 223, 244, etc.
"Celtic," W, 454a, etc.
k Common, W, 226, 324, etc.
I W, 36, etc.

and, Swastikas, W, 1307, Circular-saw type, 494, 496, 592, etc.
215, etc.; often 8-toothed.
Cuneiform sign for god Bil (Br., 1478, 1497) quadrupled as Cross
and defined "God and Heaven" (C.I.W.A., 2, Pl. 48, 30);
cp. W, 54. On Mycena gold buttons, S.M., Nos. 405, 407, 412.
W, 869, 1282, H, 45.
W, 329, 340, 448, Co. 39.
In Hittite inscripts. e.g. Marash Lion, also H.C., pl. A. 11a, etc. ¡
W, 829, and H, 44, Pl. 2.

In Hittite inscripts frequent. H.C., Pl. A, ll. 4 and 6; W, 24, etc.
W, 913.
H.C., 27. H, 35, 44. Co., 190, for X see a1.

W, frequent Co, 152, 158. 1 D, Pl. 128, and oriented, Pl. 14,
5-7, 98, 9b; H, 127-131, 216; Co., 57, 75; 354, 358.
W, 850, etc. WM, 237, 798; Co., 20, etc., etc. H, 215.
W, 839, etc. C, 158, from Boghaz Koi, Co., 11, 17, etc.
Co., 95, 106.
u W, 831, etc. Curved
Swastika, W, 798, 928; Rosette, W, 542, 796, 868, etc., S.I. 309;
WM, 179, 192, etc.; H, 54, 108, 218; Co, 276-280, etc.;
Pellet Cross, W, 768. w Multiple limbed Swastika,

H, 130. SL, 1915.

u W, 946, etc.

Key Swastika on priest's dress, see Fig. 62 and G.L.H., Pl. 56–7 ; and on bronze stag, C, Pl. 24, 12.

D(L)pl. 59. 1; 106, 1a, W. 832.

C, Pl. 6, 1, 2, 4, etc.; H, Fig. 10 and Nos. 131, 216.

Handled Cross (Ankh) common on Hittite seals, W, 808, etc.

Fig. 12; and W, 46, 543, etc., 1220.
D(B), 297; and oriented CS, 12, 6.

A W, 539; in Hittite B W, 525-6, etc., 537, etc.

C Ib., 535, etc.; on Hittite pottery, C, Pl. II. D, W, 41, 514, etc.
E W, 1280-81 and p. 394, as amulet on neck of priest kings.
F Ib., 532.

1197-8.

G SI, 1871, 1976.

CC. 121, pl. 12, 10. II: W.

G'S.I. 1452, 1946, 1993, cp. Egypt. hieroglyph for "East" or
Orient. H Fig. 31. p. 238. S.I., 1954.
H1 Ib., 1432.
H Ib., 1824, 1829, etc. I Ib., 1256, 1879.
J Very common, S.I., 1849, etc.

K Ib., 1977.
L Ib., 1914.
M Ib. 1901, 1920.
N Curved
O Ib. 1837; in Hittite seals, W.
Briton Ogam, Fig. 5.B.

J1 Ib., 1915.

L1 Ib. 1858, 1864, 1871-6, etc. Swastika Ib. 230, 1833, 1991, etc. 215, 494, etc., WM, 130, and cp. P C.C. pl. 121.