of the Sun-cult of the Hitto-Phoenician archangel Taxi or Tascio, with its Sun-Crosses and Corn emblems, which cult we have already found in the Don Valley of the Texali tribe, and in the neighbourhood of the Phoenician Barat Part-olon's votive Cross to Bel at Newton and elsewhere. Androgeus, again, the eldest son of King Lud (No. 68 on list) and nephew of Cassibellan, and who, the Chronicle tells us, was duke of Kent,' is disclosed by the Chronicle to be obviously the Andoc, Ando, And,a Antd, Anted, Antedrigv,♦ and Avnt, stamped upon various Briton coins, and thus further establishing the historicity of the British Chronicles. Guiderius (No. 72 on list), the eldest son of Cunobelin, is, I find, clearly the minter of the coins bearing the legend CAV-DVRO, i.e., "Cau-duro."6 " " " " And lastly, the last independent Briton king" Arvi-ragus" of Geoffrey's Chronicle (No. 73 on list), and the "Cate-racus or Cara-dog of the Welsh records, Caratacus (erroneously called Caractacus" by the Romans), the famous younger son of Cunobelin, whose virtues and bravery are so highly extolled by Tacitus, is now disclosed by the Chronicles to be the author of the Briton coins stamped "RVII" and "RVI'S." This name was suggested by Evans to represent a hypothetical king" Rufus or Rufinus."8 But this RVI of the coins now clearly identifies their minter with "Arvi-ragus" or Caratacus of the Chronicles. The form Rvii appears to be the latinized genitive and Rvi's the corresponding Briton Gothic genitive of is, the source of our English 's, and thus giving us a bilingual form of that legend in Latin and British Gothic. Indeed, the identity of the title "Arvi-ragus" with Caratacus was well known to and used by contemporary Roman writers. Thus Juvenal (born about 55 A.D.), in reflecting the love and respect or fear of the Romans and his suzerainty over the kinglets of Britain, in regard to their once-captured Briton king, Caratacus, relates how a certain blind man, speaking of a turbot that was taken, said : "Arviragus shall from his Britan chariot fall, This title " Arvi-ragus" appears to be probably a latinized form of the earlier racial title of the " Arri or Aryans, as the "Plough-men ”—Arvi being the Latin for "ploughed " from the Latin and Greek Aro or Aroō, "to plough." And ragus is presumably a latinized dialectic spelling of the British Gothic Rig or Reiks, "a king" and cognate, as we have seen, with Latin Rex-Regis and "Raja."10 This would give the title of " King of the Plough-men (or Arri)," and the prominence of agriculture in Britain is attested by such frequent representations of ears of Corn on the Briton coins. This alternative title of " Arvi-ragus" for Caratacus clearly shows that the Briton kings, like the other Early Aryan and Phoenician kings, and like the well-known instances of Early Egyptian kings, were in the habit of using more than one title. Now this dropping out of the initial letter of Caratacus' name of " Arvi" in his coins suggests that certain other Briton coins, previously ascribed to him by Camden and others, but latterly erected by Evans into coins of an otherwise unknown Briton king of the name Epaticcus," do really belong to Caratacus after all. The coins inscribed C V EPATIC (see Fig. 61, p. 339) were read by Camden as Cearatic" and identified by 1 Geoffrey, 3, 20. Ibid., Pl. 1, No. 8; Ibid., Pl. 15, 14. Ibid., 262 and 263. 2 Evans, op. cit., Pl. 5, Nos. 5 and 6. and Pl. 15, Nos. 9-11. Ibid., Pl. 1, No. 7. Ibid., Pl. 17, No. 8. RVFS," but no sign of Ibid., Pl. 7, Nos. 12 and 14; and Pl. 8, No. 1. an F is seen in any of the figures of these coins in the plates. 9 Juvenal Satires, 4, 26: Regem aliquem capies, aut de temone Britanno decidet Arviragus. 10 There is, perhaps, a pun on this Raja or Reiks in Juvenal's above cited satire, as Raja in Latin is the flat turbot-like Ray fish. him as of Caratacus. COINS OF CARATACUS 393 But Evans, by adding the two detached prefixed(?) letters C V to the end of the group EPATI equated them to the EPATI and EPAT' legends on other coins, which do not bear obvious or legible prefixed letters, and thus obtained a king's supposititious name, Epaticcus. The objections raised by Evans against ascribing these coins to Caratacus, and objections which are still accepted, are firstly that the letter P is not used in its Greek value of R, but as the Roman letter P; and secondly, that in the series of coins with the head of Hercules, taking the place of the "Tascio" legend, and bearing the letters EPATI and EPAT, there is no preceding letter, and therefore the name cannot be read Ceratic." " "15 " It seems rather remarkable to find that those numismatists who believe that the Ancient Britons copied their coinage from the Greeks should yet deny the possibility that the Britons knew or may have used to some extent Greek" letters. Especially so is this the case with regard to the letter P which the Greeks admittedly borrowed from the later Phoenician letter P along with its value of R. On the contrary, Cæsar tells that the Druids who had their chief stronghold in Britain in his day, use the Greek letters." And, as a fact, the Briton coins themselves testify the use of so-called Greek letters occasionally. Thus Cunobelin, the father of Caratacus, on two different mintages of coins, uses the Greek letter A for the Roman L in spelling his own name, implying that Caratacus' father used some Greek letters in writing and that his people understood it, just as Ulfils, the Goth used some Greek letters in his writings for the Goths, though this particular "Greek" letter for L is essentially identical with the Runic Gothic sign for that letter. Again, Androgeus, the uncle of Cunobelin, in writing his name Antedrig-v," uses the Greek T for the letter G therein. Moreover, in one at least of his coins, in spelling his name he uses the Greek letter ✪ or Th for D; and this substitution of that Greek letter for the Roman D frequently occurs in the coins with the legend" Addedomarios," the form of which name also is "Grecian." In view of this positive evidence for the use of Greek letters occasionally on the Briton coins of the father of Caratacus and other predecessors, there is no improbability in Caratacus himself using them occasionally. There is thus no longer any valid objection to reading the P in the above series of coins with its Greek value of R, which gives us in the first case "Cueratic (see Fig. 61, a); and this fairly equates with the Roman "Caratacus "and the Welsh Caradog." In the other two coins of this series with the contracted form of the name (b and c of same Fig.) the scroll behind the head of Hercules (or Tascio) which is seen in complete form in b of that Fig. represents, I venture to suggest, the Greek letter or Z, a letter which, we have seen, was used by Part-olon. This would give the reading of Zerati' or Zerat" as the contracted form of the king's name, and we have seen that Zet-land" is a dialectic form of "Catti or Ceti-land" or Goth-land. But be this Z initial as it may, there is no doubt whatever that these coins belong to the self-same king whose name is spelt "Cueratic" in the first. Even without this initial letter it would still remain his coin, for we have seen his dropping of the initial letter in his "Arvi" title, and we have also seen the dropping of the cognate initial letter G of Gioln" to form 'olon," of "Gwalia" to form "Wales," and in Guillaime" to form "William." It is thus evident that these three different coins belong to Caratacus, alias Arvi-ragus. " " " " Thus the testimony of the Briton coins establishes clearly and positively the historicity of the traditional Ancient British Chronicles as authentic historical records. 'Camden, Brit., ed. 1637, p. 98; omitted The initial letters C and V are above the warrior horseman (Tascio). II PART-OLON'S IDENTITY WITH CATH-LUAN," FIRST TRADITIONAL KING OF THE PICTS IN SCOTLAND "Cath-luan was Arya sovereign over all [the Cruithne in Erin], and he was the first king of them who acquired [North] Alban."-Books of Ballymote and Lecan. " " As I observed that certain versions of the Irish-Scot traditions-for example, that cited in the heading-represent King Cath-luan as taking the same position as the Catti king Part-olon, the first traditional Briton" king of Ireland and North Britain, this suggested to me that "Cath-luan was possibly a title of the Cassi king Part-olon, in which his tribal title of Catti is substituted for his "Part" or "Barat" title. And so it seem's to prove. The form of the name " Cath-luan," also spelt" Cath-luain," is obviously a dialectic contraction for Part-olon's title of " Kazzi (or Catti)-gyaolowonie (or Gioln)" in our inscription; and in series with " Cassi-vellaunus," the title of the paramount king of the Cassi or Catti Britons in the pre-Roman period, who was the "ad-wallon" of the Welsh Cymri. This identity seems clearly evident from the latter name. Still closer to "Cath-luan” is the dialectic form of the title of the early Scottish royal clan " Cat-uallanna," which is recorded on the monument of the Barat of Cassi-vellaunus' clan of Britons, called by Ptolemy, as we have seen, Catyeuchlani," and by Dion Cassius, in recording their later invasion by Aulus Plautius, Catuellani." "Cath-luan" is obviously the dialectic form of the title of the early Scottish royal clan "Cat-uallauna," which is recorded on the monument of the second or third century A.D. at South Shields by the Barat of Syria already referred to. The literal equivalency of Cath-luan with the titles borne by the Catti Part-olon or "Prat-(gya) olowonie" in his Newton Stone inscription is fully established by the variants in the spelling of the name of his later namesake, the Briton king of 630 A.D. in the Saxon Chronicle additions to Nennius' History of Britain, wherein the self-same name is variously spelt in the same MS. as follows : " 'Cat-guollaun,” “ Cat-guollaan,” ," "Cat-lon" and "Cath-lon." Cath-luan is reported to have been (as we found Parth-olon was) the first king of the Cruithne or Pruithne (i.e., as we have seen, Britons) in Northern Alban. And the traditional account of his origin is also in keeping with that of our Phoenician king Prwt-gyaolowonie (or "Giooln "). The Irish books state : "The Cruithni came from the land of Tracia; that is, they are the children of Gleoin, son of Ercol. Aganthirsi was their name." " This "Tracia" is, perhaps, for an admittedly sea-going people," Trazi " or Tarz," the old names for Tarsus, rather than for Thrace, which was also in the Land of the Goths. Tarsus, the famous sea-port city, was in the 'Books of Ballymote and Lecan. See Skene, op. cit., 31. The Irish-Scot word Aire, usually translated "king, sovereign, prince or chief," appears clearly to be the literal equivalent of the Arya ("Arya-n ") title of the Indo-Persians, the "Arri or "Harri of the Hittites and the "Harri" or "Heria" title of the Gothic king in the Eddas, as we have seen. Dion Cassius, 51, 20. British Museum Harleian MS. 3859 of 977 A.D. See Skene, op. cit., 14, 70 and 347. PART-OLON'S IDENTITY WITH CATH-LUAN 395 Hittite province of Cilicia, which latter Prwt-gioln records on his monument as his father-land. And the "Gleoin" title is clearly the "Gioln " or "Gyaolowonie" title inscribed on his Newton Stone. " The curious addition to this record that Aganthirsi" was also the name of his clan suggests that the later bardic compiler of this tradition sought to identify these Gleoin people with the colony of the Geloni tribe of quasi-Greek merchants in Scythia, north of the Black Sea, described by Herodotus as living amongst a Scythian tribe adjoining the Agathirsi Scyths. If this word " Aganthirsi" really existed in the early traditional documents, it may have been intended for " Agadir," the name of the old Phoenician sea-port city of Cadiz in Iberia, whence Part-olon is reported to have come. " it The "Geloni" people of the colony in Scythia, described by Herodotus, were probably a colony of Hitto-Phoenician Khilaani " traders. Herodotus tells us that they were originally resident in Greek trading ports, but were expelled thence, and were engaged in Scythia as furmerchants. They were blue-eyed and red-haired and worshipped Dionysus (as did the Phoenicians), and "had temples adorned after the Greek manner with images, altars and shrines of wood." What is especially significant is that "all their city is built of wood, its name is Gelonius,' is lofty and made entirely of wood." All this suggests that the buildings were of the style of the Khilaani " palace and mansion of the Hitt-ites. Significantly also, these Geloni were related to the Phoenician sea-port of Gades (Cadiz) with its famous temple of the Phoenician Hercules, in Iberia, outside the Pillars of Hercules. Herodotus relates the legend that they were the descendants of this Phoenician hero, Hercules, who, on returning from Gades, drove the herds of Geryon into Scythia and left there two sons, Gelon and Agathyrsis, from whom those two tribes were descended.' It is also remarkable that this presumably Phoenician colony of Geloni in Scythia was likewise settled amongst a primitive nomad people who, like the Picts, painted their skins blue, and whom Virgil calls "the painted Gelons." But Herodotus is at pains to point out that this painted nomad tribe in whose land the Geloni traders had their colony were the aborigines and erroneously called Geloni" by the Greeks. He says that their proper tribal name was " Bud-ini” and that they were a totally different and inferior race to the Geloni. " "They do not use the same language as the Geloni nor the same mode of living, and are the only people of those parts who eat vermin; whereas the Geloni are tillers of the soil, feed upon corn, cultivate gardens, and are not at all like the Budini in form or complexion." We thus seem to have here in this colony of Gelons in Scythia in the fifth century B.C. another parallel instance of what occurred in the Don Valley about the same period, of a colony of fair Phoenician Barat "Giolns" with a high civilization settled amongst a population of primitive nomads who painted their skins blue and were otherwise seemingly akin to the Picts of Scotland. Further similarity between Cath-luan and Part-olon is seen in the tradition that the former first arrived in and possessed a part of Erin before proceeding to North Alban or Scotland. His opponent in Ireland was Herimon,” or “Eremon," which might possibly be a scribal variant for the Umor or Fomor men who opposed Part-olon in Ireland. The tradition that Part-olon, as well as Cath-luan, held possession of the South Coast of Ireland probably indicates that Part-olon established and kept a colony there in addition to his kingdom in the North of Scotland. Turner's Notes on Herodotus, 4, 108. 'Herodotus, 4, 8-10. 1 Herodotus, 4, 108. "Pictos que Gelonos," Virgil, Georgics, 2, 114-5. Skene, op. cit., 125-6. Cath-luan is traditionally reported to have landed or fought a great battle on the "Slaine" River, which is usually identified with the Slaney River of Wexford, that is, further East than Part-olon's traditional landing place. In Scotland we are told that Cath-luan established his rule by force of arms: Cath-luan, "And [North] Alban was without a king all that time till the period of son of Cait mind, who possessed the kingdom by force in Cruthen land, and in Erin, for sixty years, and after him Gud possessed it for fifty years." Though in another version it would appear that his occupation had been relatively peaceful : Like Part-olon, the "Gioln," who is recorded in the British Chronicles to have visited Orkney, we are told that "the clan Gleoin" of Cath-luan also visited Orkney and occupied it : "The clan of Gleoin, son of Erc-ol, took possession of the islands of Orce [Orkney] . . and were dispersed again from the islands of Orcc." 3 And it seems possible that this leader's name " Erc-ol " may be intended for the "Ikr " personal name of Part-olon, as recorded on his Newton Stone monument. The ancestry of Cath-luan also is generally identical with that of Prwtgioln. As seen in the extract in the heading, he was an I Aire," that is, Arya or Aryan. He was a Pruithne (Cruithne) and was the son of Caitmind," in which compound word mind means "the noble," and thus presumably describes him as "The son of the Noble Catti or Khatti or Hitt-ites." And his two sons bore the prefixed title of "Catin," which is obviously the equivalent of the "Cadeni" title of Ptolemy for the people of the Clyde Valley, and a title, as we have seen, of the Phoenicians. All this evidence thus seems to establish the identity of the Catti Part-olon with Cath-luan, the first Aryan king of the Picts in Scotland. MS. Bodleian Laud., 610, in Skene, op. cit., 27. • Ibid., 23. The two sons of Cath-luan were Catino-Lodhor and Catino-Lochan. Skene, op. cit., 31. |