KASSIS PLOUGHING UNDER THE CROSS 49 cylinder here reproduced (see Fig. 12). This shows the pious Aryan Cassis of Babylonia about 1350 B.C. ploughing and sowing under the Sign of the Cross, which, we shall find later, was their emblem of the Aryan Father-God of the Universe, as the Universal Victor. This now explains for the first time the hitherto unaccountable fact of the " prehistoric " existence of the Cross, which is sculptured on this Newton Stone and on the many still surviving pre-Christian monuments with solar emblems in the British Isles, as we shall see later; and also the Cross symbol with other solar emblems on the pre-Roman coins of the Catti and Cassi kings of Early Britain. It also now Fig. 12. Cassis of Early Babylonia ploughing and sowing under the Sign of the Cross. From a Kaśśi official seal of about 1350 B.C. (After Clay.) Note the plough is fitted with a drill, which is fed by the right hand of the sower from his bag, and the corn seed passes down directly into the fresh furrow opened by the plough. explains the "Cassi" title used by these pre-Roman Briton kings-a title in series with "Écossais" for "Scot," as seen later as well as the "Kazzi" and "Qass" title of the Phoenician author of this votive Cross at Newton and his Aryan racial origin. It also illustrates the fact, as we shall find later, that husbandry, with the settled life, formed the basis of the Higher Civilization of the Aryans, as the Aryans were the introducers of the Agricultural Stage in the World's Civilization. Indeed, so obviously "Aryan" was the language of these Kassis of Babylonia, that most modern Assyriologists now admit that the Kassis were Aryan in race as well as speech. But yet, although Assyriologists mostly admit that these Kassis were apparently affiliated to the Khatti or Hittites, they nevertheless refuse the logical inference that the latter also were presumably Aryans. His personal name "Ikhar," "Ixar," or "Icar," also significantly confirms his royal Kassi ancestry. This name was borne not infrequently by Kassis of Babylonia in their still extant legal and business documents, etc., of the second millennium B.C. It occurs therein in the varying dialectic spelt forms of Ikhar or Ixar, Ikhur, Ikkaria, Igar, Akhri, Agar, Agri, Ekarra, and Ekur1; and amongst the Hittites of the fourteenth century B.C., as " Agar." These vagaries in the phonetic spelling of the name, reflected also in the variation in spelling it on the Newton Stone itself, are merely in keeping with the notorious vagaries in the phonetic spelling of personal names, even by the individual himself, down to modern times, until printing has nowadays stereotyped the form of spelling. Thus we have the wellknown instance of Shakespeare, who is said to have spelt his own name over half a dozen different ways in the same document. The meaning of this personal name possibly has an especial Phoenician significance. The land of Phoenicia and the Amorites was called by the Babylonians, who not infrequently interchanged the vowels, Akharri or Axarri or " Western Land."3 The title of S(i)luyri or“ S(i)lwor," suggests the ethnic name of "Silur-es" applied by some late Roman writers to the people of South Wales bordering the Severn. But these Silures, described by Tacitus as dark-complexioned and Iberian, were clearly non-Aryan; and there is no suggestion in the Ancient British Chronicles to connect the author of these inscriptions with Wales. This title, therefore, is probably the designation of his subclan; though it may possibly CASSI SUN-CROSSES IN BRITAIN 51 designate a Silurus district in Spain, from which country he is traditionally reported to have come immediately, as we shall see, on his way to Britain. His further titles of" Prat " or Prwt" and "Gyaolownie," or "Gioln" are of such great historical significance as to require a separate chapter. Fig. 12A. "Cassi" Sun Cross on prehistoric monuments at (From Proc. Soc. Antiquaries Scotland, by kind permission.) For many other examples of "Cassi " Crosses in Britain see Chap. XX. "Silurus" was the name of a maritime mountain in Ancient Spain (Festus Avienus, Ora maritima 433). VII PHOENICIAN TRIBAL TITLE OF " " BARAT" OR BRIHAT AND ITS SOURCE OF NAMES "BRIT-ON," 'BRIT-AIN" AND "BRIT-ANNIA” Disclosing Aryan Phænician Origin of the tutelary Britannia and of her form and emblems in Art. "And King Barat gave his name to the Dynastic Race of which he was the founder; and so it is from him that the fame of that Dynastic, People hath spread so wide."-Mahā Bārata.' Like a Father's Name, men love to call their names.”—Rig Veda.' " THE title of " Prat" or "Prwt," borne by our colonizing Phoenician Cassi prince on his British monument at Newton, is now seen to be clearly a dialectic form of the patronymic title "Barat" or "Brihat " used by the Aryan Phoenicians as recorded in the Indian epics and in the Vedic Hymns, as cited in the heading, the Phoenicians being, as we have seen, a chief branch of the Barats, or the descendants of King Barat, and they are systematically called " Bārat" in the Indian epics and Vedas. And this Aryan Phoenician title of "Barat " or " Brihat " is now disclosed to be the Phoenician source of our modern titles "Brit-on," "Brit-ain," and "Brit-ish." [As explaining the various spellings of this name "Barat," it is to be noted that the interchange of the labials B and P is a not uncommon dialectic change in all languages, and it is especially frequent at the present day in the highlands of Scotland and in Wales. It already occurs to some extent even in Sumerian; and in the Indian Vedas and epics, this particular word "Barat" is also sometimes spelt Pritú or Prithu and M.B., i ch. 94, verse 3704; and cp. M.B.R., i, 279. Kaegi's translation, 140. 2 R.V., 10, 39, I. PHOENICIANS AS BRITONS Brihat (as seen in the heading on p. 1) and Brihad. " 53 This latter form, whilst thus equating with the Cymric Welsh "Pryd-ain " for Brit-on," also illustrates the further common dialectic interchange of the dentals t and d, in the spelling of this name. It also shows that the early pronunciation of this name varied considerably, and that the i came early into "Brit" or Briton."] The Cassi kinsmen of our Cassi Phoenician Briton in Babylonia and Syria-Phoenicia also used this patronym of Barat freely as a personal name or title, in the various dialectic forms of Barata, Biriitum, Paratum, Baruti, Burattu, Burta, Biriidia, Piradi, and Piritum.' The later Phoenicians also, whilst spelling this title "Barat" on their coins (as we have seen in Fig. 5, p. 9) that is, in its full orthographic form, also spelt it, I find, with 792 A497-PRYDi - PARAT PRAT FIG. 13. Phoenician Patronymic titles "Parat" and “ Prydi "or" Prudi " on Phoenician tombstones in Sardinia.• an initial P as " PRT," thus giving practically the identical form on the Newton Stone; and they also spelt it as" Prydi," or "Prudi," thus giving the same form as in the Cymric. Thus, for example, in the old Phoenician grave stones in Sardinia, an ancient colony of the Phoenicians, I find that, in two out of a series of eight tombstones, the Phoenician persons are so designated (see Fig. 13); and that in a script, closely allied to that of the Newton Stone, but written in the reversed direction with reversed letters, presumably, as already noted, for the information of a Semitic population accustomed to read their writing backwards like the Hebrews. And it is further significant that the name by which these 'Details in Aryan Origin of the Phoenicians. C.P.N., 32, 65, 106, etc. L.P.I., Nos. 4 (line 1), 7 (line 1) and 8 (line 3) on gravestones from Nora, and now in the museum at Cagliari. F |