NEWTON STONE BY KING PART-OLON 69 to the ruling tribe of Britons who occupied the home-province of the paramount king of the Britons in Cæsar's day, namely Cassi-Uallaunus, or Cassi-vellaunus, which extended from the Thames to the Wash and Humber (see later). And it is also seen to occur in its shortened form by dropping the initial G in the name of that king himself, as Cassi-Uallaun, the Cad-Wallon of the Cymri. This identity is seen in the equation : Newton Irish-Scot Ptolemy Books Roman Cymric Gy-Aolownie-Geleoin=Uchlani=Uallaun (i) =Wallon The origin and meaning of that clan title now prove to be Hittite. The word Ilannu is defined in Babylonian as "The Hittite," whilst Allānu is "an oak"; and "Khilaani " or " Xilaani " is defined as "a Khatti (or Hittite) word for a corridor and porticoed windowed building or palace"; and it was especially used for Hitt-ite buildings in Cilicia; and was imitated by the Babylonians. 3 This Khilaani is obviously cognate with the Akkadian Khullanu or Xullanu "wooden" which thus discloses the Hitt-ite or Akkadian origin of the Greek word for "wood" Xulon or Xylon, and also of the English " Yule," which significantly is spelt in Gothic, Juile or Jol, and in Early English and Anglo-Saxon Guili or Geola, which also illustrate the dropping out of the initial G in the later word. It thus presumably designated originally the wooden character of these corridors and porticoed palaces of the Hittites, and latterly was applied to the builders themselves. The Phoenician branch of the Hittites were famous for their superior wood-craft as well as their masonry buildings. Thus Solomon says to the Phoenician king of Tyre, "Thou knowest that there is not among us [Israelites] any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians [Phoenicians].' C.P.N. 31; also name of Kassis; ib. 85. .M.D. 315. Thus, in the sixth campaign of Sennacherib the latter says (1. 82) that he erected a building "like a palace of the Khatti-land, which is called in the tongue of the Muru (or" Amorite" section of Hittites), Khilaani (or Xilaani)." M.D., 315. See S.E.D. under "Yule." G 5 1 Kings 5, 6. It thus appears that the Khilaani timber palaces of the Hittites with their porticoed windows and corridors were of the Gothic type, which is essentially a wooden style of architecture, especially as we shall find that the Hittite or Khatti or Guti were the primitive Goths. The Gothic style of architecture is nowadays supposed to have arisen no earlier than in the twelfth century of the Christian era; but I long ago showed that it was used by the Indo-Scythians or Indo-Goths or Geta (i.e., Catti), in the second century A.D., in their sculptured representations of temples on the northwest frontier of India. And this identity of the Hittites with the Goths now also explains the occurrence of the Gothoid arch in several ancient buildings of the Hittites in their old capital at Boghaz Koi in Cappadocia, dating back to at least about 1500 B.C. 1 As a clan-title, this "wooden palace" builder's title is found in Herodotus as Gelonus, the son of Hercules the Phoenician, and Gelon, a contemporary King of Syracuse, a Phoenician settlement. It was probably used to distinguish culturally the manorial palace-dwelling Hittite overlords as "The Hall-dwelling aristocracy" from the lowly aborigines who lived mostly in caves or underground abodes, such as "Picts' houses." This wooden-palace origin for it appears probable also from the tribal title of "Geloni," mentioned by Herodotus, for a colony of fur-trading merchants in the Don Valley of Scythia or Goth-land (see Map), whose city was built entirely of wood, with "lofty" walls and temples,' and, like the Phoenicians and Early Britons, they were worshippers of the Corn Spirit Dionysos (see later) and they came from "the trading ports" of Greece, suggesting Phoenician ancestry, as the Phoenicians were the chief traders in the ports of Ancient Greece. In the form of Khiluni we actually find it used as a personal name amongst the Kassis of Babylonia, with the variant of 1 See official reports of my deputation to collect "Greco-Buddhist sculptures from Swat Valley for Imperial Museum, Calcutta in 1895. And L. A. Waddell " Greco-Buddhist sculptures from Swat Valley" in Trans. Internat. Oriental Congress, Paris, 1897. Sec. 1, 245, etc., when the photographs of these early Gothic arches were demonstrated by me. • Ib. 4, 109. Herodotus, 4, 10, 3. Ib. 4, 108, 109. 4 " GIOLN TITLE AND BRITON "WALLON' 4 71 Gilian." This clan-title was also used by the Britons of Brittany in its ancient form of "Gualen," as well as by the Cymri for one of their chief seaports (in Carmarthen) Cetgueli, the modern Kid-welly, which, the British Chronicles tell us, was an ancient port of the Scots or Ceti (i.e. Catti).' And dropping its initial G (like the gueli in Cet-gueli becoming welly) to form "Uallaun" it was the royal clan-title of the paramount Briton king of the Catti and Cassi of Britain, Cassi-uallaun or Cad-wallon, and also the ruling Briton clan-title throughout a great part of Britain. One of the latter inscriptions, with a variant of "Katye-uchlani,” is of especial interest here. It records the early Scottish clan-title of "Cat-uallauna " upon a monument of the second or third century A.D., near the south end of the Roman Wall at South Shields on Tyne. This fine artistic monument of a Briton lady (see Fig. 19, p. 73), as its inscription tells us, was erected significantly by a Syrian "Barat" from the ancient Phoenician city of Palmyra, on the old trade-route from Tyre and Beirut to Mesopotamia, a city possessing a famous temple to the Phoenician Sun-god Bel, with a colonnade nearly a mile long. Its dedicator calls himself thereon " Barates," and records that he married a lady of the "Cat-uallauna" clan, whose death he mourns with the single pathetic word "Alas!" Incidentally this monument is of great historical importance in showing 1 C.P.N., 77 and 80. " 5 "Kad-Gualen occurs in the ancient Breton chartulary of the Abbey of Beaufort (R. Maclagan Our Ancestors, 332). N.A.B., 14; Giles' ed. 389. •Vellaunius occurs in an inscription at Caerleon, the ancient Briton capital at Monmouth (Corpus Inscrip. Latin. Berlin, 7, No. 126) Cat-Uallauna as clan-title of a Briton lady in inscription of about the second century at South Shields (Ephemeris Epigraphica 4, p. 212, No. 718a). Similarly, "Ceti-loin" as royal clan-title in an inscription of about fourth century at Yarrow in Selkirkshire. Catuuelauni occurs as name of tribe on monument of about third century at Castlesteads, Cumberland. C.B., 3, 456. Uelauni was a clan of Alpine people (Corpus Inscript. Latin. 5, No. 7817, 45) and Uelaunis, a man's name or title in Ancient Spain (ib. 3, No. 1589, 1590), where Cat-alonia" is the name of an old province of the Phoenicians there. For details of this monument see Northumberland Archæolog. Socy.'s Ephemeris in previous note. I have personally examined this fine sculpture more than once in company with my old friend Dr. Jas. Drummond, formerly resident there, and to whom I am indebted for fine photos of the monument and its inscriptions by Miss Flagg. that a Barat merchant from Syria-Phoenicia had come to Britain in the second or third century A.D., and had intermarried there with a Barat or Briton kinswoman of the Cat-uallauna or "Cath-luan " Cath-luan" royal clan. This Cat-uallauna clan also existed in the Selkirk district of Scotland about the fifth century A.D. At Yarrow stands a funereal monolith with a rustic Latin inscription of about the fifth century A.D., dedicated to the memory of a chieftain of the "Ceti-loin" clan-a monument which I have personally examined and taken a squeeze-impression of its inscription.1 The local tradition also of this "Gy-aolownie" or "Gi-oln" clan-title seems significantly to have survived in the neighbourhood of the Newton Stone in " Clyan's Dam," the name of an embankment near the Don to the South of the Mount Bennachie (see map, p. 19) and in the adjoining "Cluny," or anciently Clony or Kluen, castle in the neighbourhood. And in the latter usage it seems noteworthy that the epithet is parallel to the use of "Khilaani " to denote a Hittite palace. " [The dropping out of the initial guttural G is a not uncommon dialectic change; thus it is seen in this actual word as "Cet-gueli becoming the modern "Kid-welly"; similarly similarly" Gwalia" becomes "Wales"; "Gwite" or "Guith (the other name for the Isle of Wight even in Alfred's day) becomes "Wight"; and William is the remains of an earlier "Gulielm" or "Guillame"; and Catye-uchlani became "Cat-wallaun, "Cad-wallon." Thus" Prāt-gioln " of our Newton Stone inscription, presumably with the meaning of "Prat-the-Lord," became dialectically "Part-olon." And be the meaning of 'gioln "what it may, the fact nevertheless is clearly established that" Prat-gioln" is the source of the later form of "Part-olon."] " or 1 The first lines read Hic memoriæ Ceti-loin, followed by what Mr. Craig Brown reads as ennig fii princep et nudi Dumno gen, etc. A cast of this monument is in the museum at Hawick. This name has been supposed to be derived from the Welsh glan," a brink or side," but, apart from the anomaly of a Welsh name in this locality, its use here as "Clyan's Dam" presumes a human sense. • Similarly "Cluny" is found in France for the famous galleried monastic palace of that name. • In Irish-Scottish glonn=" champion, hero," in the Book of Lecan; see C.A.N., 341. |