urc. The substance with which the metal or other body is surrounded is called tement-powder. In cementing gold, the alloy is beaten into thin plates, and placed in alternate layers, with a cement containing nitrate of potass and sulphate of iron. The whole is then exposed to heat, until a great part of the alloying metals are removed by the action of the nitric acid liberated by the nitre. Iron is cemented with charcoal-powder and other substances, and thereby converted into steel. Glass is changed, by cementation with gypsum, into Réaumur's porcelain. Copper is cemented with a powder of calamine and charcoal, and thereby converted into brass. The copper obtained from the sulphate of copper, by precipitation with iron, is called cement-copper.

CEMENTS. The substances used for producing cohesion between different materials are very various. They are mostly, however, soft or semi-fluid, and harden in the course of time. The number employed is very great. We can mention only a few. The joints of iron pipes, and the flanges of steam-engines, are cemented with a mixture composed of sulphur and muriate of ammonia, together with a large quantity of iron chippings. The putty of glaziers is a mixture of linseed oil and powdered chalk. Plaster of Paris, dried by heat, and mixed with water, or with rosin and wax, is used for uniting pieces of marble. A cement composed of brickdust and rosin, or pitch, is employed by turners, and some other mechanics, to confine the material on which they are working. Common paint, made of white lead and oil, is used to cement China-ware. So also are resinous substances, such as mastic and shell lac, or isinglass dissolved in proof-spirit or water. The paste of bookbinders and paper-hangers is made by boiling flour. Rice-glue is made by boiling ground rice in soft water to the consistence of a thin jelly. Wafers are made of flour, isinglass, yeast and white of eggs, dried in thin layers upon tin plates, and cut by a circular instrument. They are colored by red-lead, &c. Sealing-wax is composed of shell lac and rosin, and is commonly colored with vermilion. Common glue is most usually employed for uniting wood, and similar porous substances. It does not answer for surfaces not porous, such as those of the metals, end is not durable if exposed to water. The cements mostly used in building are composed of lime and sand. Lime is procured by burning substances in which it exists in combination with carbonic acid,

The

such as limestone, marbles, chalk and shells. By this process, the carbonic acid is driven off, and quicklime is obtained. The quicklime is slaked by mixture with water, after which it swells and cracks, becomes hot, and assumes the form of a white and impalpable powder. This is a hydrate of lime, and contains about threc parts of lime to one of water. When in. tended for mortar, it should be immedi ately mixed with sand, and used without delay, before it imbibes carbonic acid anew from the atmosphere. The lime adheres to and unites the particles of the sand. Cements thus made increase in strength and solidity for an indefinite period. Fresh sand, wholly silicious and sharp, is the best. That taken from the sea-shore is unfit for making mortar, as the salt is apt to deliquesce and weaken the mortar. amount of sand is always greater than that of the lime. From two to four parts of sand are used, according to the quality of the lime and the labor bestowed on it. Water cements, called also Roman cements harden under water, and consolidate almost immediately on being mixed. Common mortar dissolves or crumbles away if laid under water before it has had time to harden; but certain rocks, which have an argillaceous as well as a silicious character, communicate to lime or mortar the property of hardening in a very few minutes, both in and out of water. The ancient Romans, in making their water cements, employed a peculiar earth, obtained at the town of Puteoli. This they called pulvis Puteolanus. It is the same that is now called Puzzolana. It is evidently of volcanic origin. The Dutch, in their great aquatic structures, have mostly employed a substance denominated tarras, terras, or trass, found near Andernach, in the vicinity of the Rhine. It is said to be a kind of decomposed basalt, but resembles Puzzolana. It is very durable in water, but inferior to the other kinds in the open air. Baked clay and the common greenstone afford the basis of very tolerable water cements, when mixed with lime. Some of the ores of manganese may be used for the same purpose. Some limestones, calcined and mixed with sand and water, also afford water cements, usually in consequence of containing some argillaceous earth. Some cements, of great hardness and permanency, have been obtained from mixtures, into which animal and vegetable substances enter, such as oil, milk, mucilage, &c. The name of maltha or mastic is given them. They are not much used.

CEMETERY. In the article BuryingPlaces, we have given the history of the custom of interring the dead, and shall only mention, in this place, two cemeteries, perhaps the most interesting which ever existed. One of them is the common place of burial of the ancient Egyptians, which was situated beyond the lake Acherusia, or Acharejish, the name of which signified the last condition of man, and which probably is the foundation of the Greek fables respecting lake Acheron. On the borders of lake Acherusia, a tribunal, composed of 42 judges, was established, to inquire into the life and character of the deceased. Without this examination, a corpse could not be carried to the cemetery beyond the lake. If the deceased had died insolvent, the court adjudged the corpse to his creditors, in order to oblige his relations and friends to redeem it. If his life had been wicked, they refused his body the privilege of solemn burial, and it was consequently carried and thrown into a large ditch made for the purpose, which received the appellation of Tartar, on account of the lamentations which this sentence produced among the surviving friends and relations. The Greek Tartarus had its origin in this Egyptian Tartar. If no accuser appeared, or the accusations were found groundless, the judges decreed the regular burial, and the eulogium of the deceased was pronounced amongst the applauses of the bystanders. In this, his talents, virtues, accomplishments, every thing except his rank and riches, were praised. To carry the corpse to the cemetery, it was necessary to cross the lake, and to pay a small sum for the passage. This circumstance also was transplanted into the Greek my thology. The cemetery was a large plain, surrounded by trees, and intersected by canals, to which was given the appellation Flisout, or Elisians, meaning rest. Every one recognises, in this description, the Greek Charon, his boat, his ferry-money, and the Elysian fields. The whole ceremony of interment seems to have consisted in depositing the mummy in the excavation made in the rock, or under the sand which covered the whole Elisout: then it seems that the relations of the deceased threw three handfuls of sand, as a sign to the workmen to fill up the cavity, after uttering three loud farewells. (See Lectures on Hieroglyphics and Egyptian Antiquities, by the marquis Spineto, London, 1829.)-Another cemetery of great interest is that of Père Lachaise (see Lachaise), in the north-west part of Paris,

not far from the barrière des Amandiers. This city of the dead has a superficies of more than 51 arpents, and contains a great variety of tombs, some of a touching simplicity, with the marks of unaffected grief, while others remind us of the words of St. Augustine: "Curatio funeris, conditio sepultura, pompa exequiarum, magis vivorum solatia quam subsidia mortuorum." Col. umns, obelisks, pyramids, funeral vases, monuments of all kinds, and flowers, cover this cemetery, but point out a few only of those who rest in this last abode of many generations. Here repose Heloise and Abelard, the conqueror of Esslingen, Delille, Molière, La Fontaine and Foy, amid a crowd of philosophers, artists, warriors, politicians, and individuals from the ordinary walks of life. From this place you look down on the bustle of the gayest city in the world. A chapel in the buryingground affords the finest view of Paris.

CENCI, Beatrice, called the beautiful parricide, was the cause of the extermination of the noble family of Cenci. Muratori, in his Annals (vol. 10, pt. 1, 136), relates the story as follows: Francesco Cenci, a noble and wealthy Roman, after his second marriage, conducted towards the children of his first marriage in the most shocking manner, procured the assassination of two of his sons, on their re turn from Spain, by banditti, and, what is still more horrid, seduced and debauched his youngest daughter, a maiden of singular beauty. Beatrice discovered this shocking crime to her relatives, and even sought to obtain protection from pope Clement. It appears, however, that this was not granted; for, when the guilty father continued his former treatment, with aggravated wickedness, she joined with her brother Giacomo, and procured the death of the monster, by two assassins, as he slept. The guilty parties were discovered, confessed the murder on the rack, and were condemned by the pope to be torn to pieces by horses. In vain did the learned Farinaceus (celebrated for his Quastiones) exert himself to obtain a mitigation of their punishment by a lively representation of the depravity of the deceased According to other accounts, Beatrice and her relatives appear to have had little or no share in the murder of the old Cenci; but a tissue of villany and baseness gained belief to the false testimony of two ban. ditti against the Cenci family. So much is certam, that, Sept. 11, 1599, Beatrice Cenci and her sister were executed with o sort of guillotine, called mannaia. Giacomo was killed with a club; the younger broth

er was pardoned on account of his youth; but the estates of the family, to which belonged the villa Borghese, since so famed for its treasures of art, were confiscated, and presented by the reigning pope, Paul V, of the house of Borghese, to his family. In the palace of Colonna, at Rome, travellers are shown an excellent painting, said to be by Guido Reni, as the portrait of the unfortunate parricide; and this charming picture of the beautiful girl has been the means of spreading over all Europe the tale of horror connected with it. CENIS, Mount; a mountain belonging to the Alps, in the county of Maurienne, in Savoy. Its height is stated to be 8670 feet above the level of the sea. It is famous for the road which leads oyer it from Savoy to Piedmont. (See Alps, Roads over.) On the mountain is a plain, called Madeleino, and a lake, with an hospital, called La Ramasse. The lake contains trouts of 16 pounds weight. This plain is surrounded by higher peaks covered with snow. (See Alps.) Benvenuto Cellini's journey over the Alps, in the 16th century, Evelyn's, in the 17th, lady Mary Wortley's and Horace Walpole's, in the 18th, are all interesting; but the danger has been removed by Napoleon's road.

CENOBITE. (See Anchoret, and Monastery.)

CENOTAPH (from the Greek Kevoráqov, called also Kevipiov); a monument erected in honor of a deceased person, but not containing his body, as is implied from the terms kards, empty, and rapos, a tomb. Some of these monuments were erected in honor of persons buried elsewhere, others for persons whose bodies were not interred. The ancients believed that, when the body was not buried, the soul could not be admitted into the abodes of the blessed. When a body could not be found, it was supposed that some rest was afforded to the sufferer by erecting him a cenotaph, and calling out his name three times with a loud voice. Such monuments were distinguished by a particular sign, usually a piece of a shipwrecked vessel, to denote the death of the deceased in a foreign land. The Pythagoreans erected cenotaphs to those who had quitted their sect, as if they were actually dead. CENSORS were magistrates at Rome, who kept a register of the number of the people and of their fortune, and (from 442 B. C.) regulated the taxes. At the same time, they watched over the manners of the citizens. They were chosen every fifth year. This institution, at the period of simple manners in which it was

founded, may have been beneficial, but is wholly inconsistent with our ideas of individual liberty, In the different governments of Europe, censors are persons appointed by the government to administer the censorship of the press. (q. v.)

CENSORSHIP OF Books. (See Books Censorship of.)

CENSUS; with the Romans, one of the most important institutions of the state, and the foundation of its future greatness It was introduced by king Servius Tullius, B. C. 577. All Roman citizens, both in the city and in the country, were obliged to report the amount of their property, the number of their children, slaves, &c., under penalty of losing their property and their liberty. According to the statement thus given in, Servius Tullius divided the citizens into six classes, and those again into centuries. (q. v.) The first class consisted of those whose fortunes amounted respectively to at least 100,000 asses or pounds of copper. The property of the second was at least 75,000; that of the third, 50,000; that of the fourth, 25,000; of the fifth, 11,000 asses: all the rest belonged to the sixth class. (See As.) Each class had a particular kind of arms, a particular.post in the army, &c. This division produced the most important consequences for Rome. At an earlier period, the poor citizens were obliged to pay the same taxes, and render the same services in war, as the rich; and the most important branches of the public administration were in the hands of the ignorant and passionate mob. The heaviest burdens in war and in peace were, by this institution, transferred to the rich, and the chief direction of public affairs was placed in the hands of the first class, which contained, according to the rule of division established by Servius Tullius, as many centuries as all the rest. The citizens of the lowest class, who had no property, or very little, were hardly counted as a class, so that the ancient authors often mention only five classes. In the course of time, the original divisions suffered some altera tions, but the institution remained essen tially the same. This census was repeated every fifth year, at first by the kings, afterwards by the consuls, and, finally, by the censors. At a later period, however, it was not always taken at the fixed time, and was often entirely omitted. After the termination of the census, an expiatory sacrifice was offered, called suovetaurilia. -In the U. States, the census has again become an institution of great political importance, as it affords the basis of the

national representation. The constitution (art. 1, sect. 2, 3) says, "Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the U. States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct," &c. Thus we shall have, in the year 1830, another census, which will be highly interesting, on account of the rapid increase of several of the new states. (For the results of this new census, see the article United States.)

CENTAURS; an ancient barbarous peopie in Thessaly, on mount Pelion. According to the fable, they were the children of Centaurus, a son of Apollo, and the mares of Magnesia, or of Ixion and the cloud. (See Ixion.) They are said to have been half horse and half man, and the fable is explained in this manner: The Centaurs first practised the art of mounting and managing horses. In the time of the Thessalian king Ixion, a herd of wild bulls on mount Pelion committed great devastations in the adjacent country. Ixion offered a great reward to whoever should destroy them: in consequence of which, the Centaurs trained horses to bear them on their backs, and slew the bulls. Mythology relates the combats of the Centaurs with Hercules, Theseus and Pirithous. The latter, at the head of the Lapithæ, another Thessalian nation, their hereditary enemies, entirely defeated them, killed many, and drove them from Pelion. The Centaurs Nessus, Chiron and others are famous in ancient fable. The latter is often mentioned under the name Cen

laurus.

CENTAURY. There exist two plants of this name, used in medicine: small centaury (chironia centaurium of Lamarck), indigenous in Europe, growing abundantly every where; and American centaury chironia angularis of Willdenow), extensively distributed throughout the United States. Both are annual plants, and esteemed as tonics and febrifuges: the latter, however, is preferred by the American physicians. It is also much used in domestic practice as a prophylactic against autumnal fevers, in strong infusions, in large and repeated doses.

CENTIARE; a French measure, th hundredth part of an are (q. v.); thu also, according to the new French divis. ion of measures and weights, we have centigramme, centilitre, centime, centimetre, the hundredth part of a gramme, litre, franc, metre. (See French Decimal System.) CENTIGRADE. (See Thermometer.) CENTIMANI. (See Briareus.)

CENTIPED (Scolopendra, L.); a genus of insects belonging to the order myriapoda, C. They are distinguished by having antennæ of 14 joints and upwards, a mouth composed of two mandibles, a quadrifid lip, two palpi, or small feet, united at their base, and a second lip, formed by a second pair of dilated feet, joined at their origin, and terminated by a strong hook, having an opening beneath its point, through which a poisonous fluid is thrown out. The body is long, depressed and membranous, each ring being covered by a coriaceous or cartilaginous plate, and mostly having one pair of feet: the last is usually thrown backwards, and elongated in form of a tail. These insects are nocturnal and carnivorous, and uniformly endeavor to escape from the light. They conceal themselves under the decayed bark of trees, the decayed timbers of buildings, among stones, lumber and rub bish, whence they sally forth at night in search of prey. The centiped is one of the greatest pests to be encountered in the West India islands, and throughout the hot parts of the American continent. The materials of which the houses are constructed, and the rapid decay to which timber is subject in such climates, afford these noxious insects excellent hidingplaces, and they multiply with great rapidity. The utmost vigilance, even in the most cleanly houses, is necessary to prevent these creatures from finding their way into the beds, which they often do notwithstanding all the care that is taken to prevent them. They always attempt to escape when a light is brought into the room. They run with considerable swiftness, but are quite ready to stand on the defensive, and bite with severity. This disposition to bite upon the slightest provocation renders them very dangerous when once they have entered a bed; the least movement of the sleeper over whom they may be crawling, and who can scarcely fail to be disturbed by their sharppointed feet or claws acting upon his skin, will ensure a venomous bite, which wil be frequently repeated if the centiped be not speedily dislodged. The bite is exceedingly painful at the moment, and is

followed by a high degree of local inflammation and a fever of great irritation. Where the insect is large, and the bite severe, life is much endangered, and not unfrequently lost, especially if the sufferer be of delicate and irritable habit of body. The immediate application of a cuppingglass, or any convenient substitute, over the wound, removes the pain and danger at once. Spirits of hartshorn (volatile alkali, aqua ammonia alcoholiz), applied to the part, and doses of the same administered internally (30 or 40 drops) twice, thrice or oftener in a day, will also lessen the pain, and avert dangerous consequences. The mode of treatment first mentioned is the quickest and most certain. A popular remedy, in all places where the centiped is common, is the application to the wound of brandy or rum in which a centiped has been for some tine preserved. This truly noxious insect grows to the size of six inches and more in length, and is a formidable inmate of most of the houses in tropical regions. Bishop Heber speaks of them as being very large and poisonous in different parts of India. So accustomed are the West India slaves and residents to their presence, and regardless of danger from their bite, that no particular pains are taken to lessen their numbers, or to banish them effectually. It is very probable that they might be readily destroyed by placing poisoned food within their reach; yet, while resident in the West Indies, we never heard of any one being at the trouble of the experiment, though centipeds were almost daily killed about the house. They are frequently brought to the U. States in cargoes of hides, &c.; and, a few years since, an individual, employed in unlading a vessel at Boston, lost his life in consequence of being bitten by one of these insects, brought over in this way. It is possible that the centiped is to be found in the most southern parts of the U. States, though it has not as yet been spoken of as an annoyance. Species having considerable resemblance to the centiped of the West Indies, and much dreaded on account of their bite, are often seen about extensive collections of timber and lumber at the saw-mills on the head waters of the Susquehanna, &c. A smaller, dark, reddish-brown species, known by the name of thousand legs, is common in most parts of this country, living under dead bark or among decaying timbers. The order myriapoda, to which these insects pertain, from their crustaceous covering, the formation of the mouth, &c., appears to form the

transition from the crustaceous or crablike animals to insects proper. They are the only insects which, in their perfect state, have more than six feet, and have the abdomen not distinct from the trunk. They live and grow much longer than other insects, surviving through several generations. When first hatched, they have but six feet, or, at least, fewer than they afterwards acquire. The additional feet, as well as the rings to which they are attached, become developed as they advance in age—a sort of change peculiar to this race.

CENT JOURS (French; signifying hundred days). From the 20th of March, 1815, when Napoleon a second time ascended the throne of France, to the 28th of June, when Louis XVIII again resumed the government in Cambray, just 100 days elapsed. Hence that interregnum is called le gouvernement des cent jours. None of the measures of the administration then existing have been acknowledged by the present government. Therefore the 42 numbers of the collection of laws (Bulletin des Lois) which appeared during this time, containing 313 ordinances, including the 12 resolutions of the provisorial committee of government (from the 22d to the 30th of June), have only a historical interest, and no binding power as laws. They form the sixth series (série) of this collection, which commences with the establishment of the famous revolutionary tribunal (March 11, 1793), and is still continued in the seventh series. If the facility with which Napoleon advanced from Cannes to Paris, with only 1100 men, without striking a blow, in 14 days, and the readiness with which many, who had always opposed the emperor, joined him, after their short experience of what France had to expect from the Bourbons and the old aristocracy, show how little attachment existed in France for the oid dynasty; the history of the "hundred days," on the other hand, affords a proof that Napoleon himself had lost the basis of real power, the support of public opinion; or that, knowing the character of the French nation, and of his age, so well in many respects, he yet misapprehended both in other points of much importance. (For an account of his unequalled march from Cannes to Paris, see Napoleon.) His Acte additionnel of the 22d of April, 1815, passing over entirely the Charte constitutionnelle of June, 1814, alters and sup plies the deficiencies of the constitutions of 1799 (year 8), of 1802, which es tablished the consulship for life, and of