IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION.

FALSE SYNTAX UNDER RULE XXI.

EXAMPLES UNDER NOTE I.-THE PLACING OF ADVERBS.

"All that is favoured by good use, is not proper to be retained.”—Murray's Gram., ii, p. 296. [FORMULE.-Not proper, because the adverb not is not put in the most suitable place. But, according to Note 1st under Rule 21st, "Adverbs must be placed in that position which will render the sentence the most perspic. uous and agreeable." The sentence will be improved by placing not before all; thus, "Not all that is favoured by good use, is proper to be retained."]

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'Every thing favoured by good use, [is] not on that account worthy to be retained."—Ib., i, 369; Campbell's Rhet., p. 179. Most men dream, but all do not."-Beattie's Moral Science, i, 72. "By hasty composition, we shall acquire certainly a very bad style."-Blair's Rhet., p. 191. "The comparisons are short, touching on one point only of resemblance."—Ib., p. 416. Having had once some considerable object set before us."—Ib., p. 116. "The positive seems improperly to be called a degree."—Adam's Gram., p. 69; Gould's, 68. "In some phrases the genitive is only used."-Adam, 159; Gould, 161. This blunder is said actually to have occurred.”— Smith's Inductive Gram., p. 5. "But every man is not called James, nor every woman Mary.' Buchanan's Gram., p. 15. "Crotchets are employed for the same purpose nearly as the parenthesis."-Churchill's Gram., p. 167 "There is still a greater impropriety in a double comparative."-Priestley's Gram., p. 78. "We have often occasion to speak of time."-Louth's Gram, p. 39. "The following sentence cannot be possibly understood."-Ib., p. 104. The words must be generally separated from the context."-Comly's Gram., p. 155. "Words ending in ator have the accent generally on the penultimate."-Murray's Gram., i, 239. "The learned languages, with respect to voices, moods, and tenses, are, in general, differently constructed from the English tongue."—Ib., i, 101. "Adverbs seem originally to have been contrived to express compendiously in one word, what must otherwise have required two or more."-Ib., i, 114. "But it is only so, when the expression can be converted into the regular fo.m of the possessive case."-Ib., i, 174. "Enter, (says he) boldly, for here too there are gods."- Harris's Hermes, p. 8. "For none work for ever so little a pittance that some cannot be found to work for less." Sedgwick's Economy, p. 190. "For sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again.”Luke, vi, 34. "They must be viewed exactly in the same light."-Murrays Gram., ii, 24. he does but speak to display his abilities, he is unworthy of attention."-It, Key, ii, 207.

UNDER NOTE II.-ADVERBS FOR ADJECTIVES.

"If

"Motion upwards is commonly more agreeable than motion downward."-Blair's Rhet., p. 48. "There are but two ways possibly of justification before God.”—Dr. Cox, on Quakerism, p. 413. "This construction sounds rather harshly."-Murray's Gram, i, 194; Ingersoll's, 199. A clear conception in the mind of the learner, of regularly and well-formed letters."-Com. School Journal, i, 66. "He was a great hearer of * * * Attalus, Sotion, Paius, Fabianus, of whom he makes often mention."-Seneca's Morals, p. 11. "It is only the Oft doing of a thing that makes it a Custom."-Divine Right of Tythes, p. 72. Because W. R. tales oft occasion to insinuate his jealousies of persons and things." Barclay's Works, i, 570. "Yet often touching will wear gold."-Beauties of Shak., p. 18. Uneducated persons freque dy use an adjective, when they ought to use an adverb: as, 'The country looks beautiful;' inste, a of beautifully.”—Bucke's Gram.. p. 84. "The adjective is put absolutely, or without its substative."—Ash's Gram., p. 57. “A noun or pronoun in the second person, may be put absolutely in the nominative case."-Harrison's Gram., p. 45. "A noun or pronoun, when put absolutely with a participle," &c.—Ib., p. 44; Jaudon's Gram., 108. "A verb in the infinitive mood absolute, stands independently of the remaining part of the sentence."-- -Wilbur and Livingston's Gram., p. 24. "At my return lately into England, I met a book intituled, The Iron Age.'"-Cowley's Preface, p. v. "But he can discover no better foundation for any of them, than the practice merely of Homer and Virgil.”Kames, El. of Criticism, Introd., p. xxv.

UNDER NOTE III-HERE FOR HITHER, &c.

"It is reported that the governour will come here to-morrow."—Kirkham's Gram., p. 196. "It has been reported that the governour will come here to-morrow."-Ib., Key, p. 227. "To catch a prospect of that lovely land where his steps are tending."-Maturin's Sermons, p. 244. "Plautus makes one of his characters ask another where he is going with that Vulcan shut up in a horn; that is, with a lanthorn in his hand."-Adams's Rhet. ii, 331. "When we left Cambridge, we intended to return there in a few days."-Anonym. "Duncan comes here to-night." -Shk., Macbeth. "They talked of returning here last week."-J. M. Putnam's Gram., p. 116.

UNDER NOTE IV.-FROM HENCE, &c.

"From hence he concludes that no inference can be drawn from the meaning of the word, that a constitution has a higher authority than a law or statute."-Webster's Essays, p. 67. whence we may likewise date the period of this event."-Murray's Key, ii, p. 202. hence it becomes evident, that LANGUAGE, taken in the most comprehensive view, implies certala

"From

From

Sounds, having certain Meanings."-Harris's Hermes, p. 315. "They returned to the city from whence they came out."-Alex. Murray's Gram., p. 135. "Respecting ellipses, some grammarians differ strangely in their ideas; and from thence has arisen a very whimsical diversity in their systems of grammar."-Author. "What am I and from whence? i. e. what am I, and from whence am I?"-Jaudon's Gram., p. 171.

UNDER NOTE V.-THE ADVERB HOW.

"It is strange how a writer, so accurate as Dean Swift, should have stumbled on so improper an application of this particle."-Blair's Rhet., p. 112. "Ye know how that a good while ago God made choice among us," &c.—Acts, xv, 7. "Let us take care how we sin; i. e. that we do not sin."-Priestley's Gram., p. 135. "We see by these instances, how prepositions may be necessary to connect those words, which in their signification are not naturally connected."Murray's Gram., p. 118. Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates?"-2 Cor., xiii, 5. "That thou mayest know how that the earth is the Lord's."- -Exod., ix, 29.

UNDER NOTE VI.—WHEN, WHILE, OR WHERE.

"Ellipsis is when one or more words are wanting, to complete the sense."-Adam's Gram., p. 235; Gould's, p. 229; B. F. Fisk's Greek Gram., 184. "Pleonasm is when a word more is added than is absolutely necessary to express the sense."—Same works. “Hysteron proteron is when that is put in the former part of the sentence, which, according to the sense, should be in the latter."-Adam, p. 237; Gould, 230. "Hysteron proteron, n. A rhetorical figure when that is said last which was done first."- Webster's Dict. "A Barbarism is when a foreign or strange word is made use of."-Adam's Gram., p. 242; Gould's, 234. "A Solecism is when the rules of Syntax are transgressed."-Iidem, ib. "An Idiotism is when the manner of expression peculiar to one language is used in another."-Iid., ib. "Tautology is when we either uselessly repeat the same words, or repeat the same sense in different words."--Adam, p. 243; Gould, 238. "Bombast is when high sounding words are used without meaning, or upon a trifling occasion." -lid., ib. "Amphibology is when, by the ambiguity of the construction, the meaning may be taken in two different senses."-lid., ib. Irony is when one means the contrary of what is said."-Adam, p. 247; Gould, 237. "The Periphrasis, or Circumlocution, is when several words are employed to express what might be expressed in fewer."-lid., ib. "Hyperbole is when a thing is magnified above the truth."-Adam, p. 249; Gould, 240. "Personification is when we ascribe life, sentiments, or actions, to inanimate beings, or to abstract qualities."-Iid., ib. "Apos trophe, or Address, is when the speaker breaks off from the series of his discourse, and addresses himself to some person present or absent, living or dead, or to inanimate nature, as if endowed with sense and reason."—lid., ib. "A Simile or Comparison is when the resemblance between two objects, whether real or imaginary, is expressed in form."-Kirkham's Gram., p. 223. "Simile, or Comparison, is when one thing is illustrated or heightened by comparing it to another." -Adam's Grum., p. 250; Gould's, 240. "Antithesis, or Opposition, is when things contrary or different are contrasted, to make them appear in the more striking light."—Iid., ib. Description, or Imagery, [is] when any thing is painted in a lively manner, as if done before our eyes."Adam's Gram., p. 250. "Emphasis is when a particular stress is laid on some word in a sentence."-Ib. Epanorthosis, or Correction, is when the speaker either recalls or corrects what he had last said."-Ib. Paralepsis, or Omission, is when one pretends to omit or pass by, what he at the same time declares."-Ib. “Incrementum, or Climax in sense, is when one member rises above another to the highest."-1b., p. 251. "A Metonymy is where the cause is put for the effect, or the effect for the cause; the container for the thing contained; or the sign for the thing signified."-Kirkham's Gram., p. 223. Agreement is when one word is like another in number, case, gender, or person."-Frost's Gram., p. 43; Greenleafs, 32. "Government is when one word causes another to be in some particular number, person, or case."-Webster's Imp. Gram., p. 89; Greenleafs, 32; Frost's, 43. "Fusion is while some solid substance is converted into a fluid by heat."--B. "A Proper Diphthong is where both the Vowels are sounded together; as, o in Voice, ou in House."-Fisher's Gram., p. 10. "An Improper Diphthong is where the Sound of but one of the two Vowels is heard; as e in People."-Ib., p. 11.

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UNDER NOTE VII.-THE ADVERB NO FOR NOT.

"An adverb is joined to a verb to show how, or whether or no, or when, or where one is, does, or suffers."-Buchanan's Syntax, p. 62. "We must be immortal, whether we will or no. Maturin's Sermons, p. 33. "He cares not whether the world was made for Cæsar or no."American Quarterly Review. "I do not know whether they are out or no."-Byron's Letters. "Whether it can be proved or no, is not the thing."--Butler's Analogy, p. 84. "Whether or no he makes use of the means commanded by God.”—Ib., p. 164. Whether it pleases the world or no, the care is taken."—L'Estrange's Seneca, p. 5. "How comes this to be never heard of, nor

in the least questioned, whether the Law was undoubtedly of Moses's writing or no?"—Bp. Tomline's Evidences, p. 44. "Whether he be a sinner or no, I know not."-John, ix, 25. Can I make men live, whether they will or no?"-Shak.

"Can hearts, not free, be try'd whether they serve

Willing or no, who will but what they must?"-Milton, P. L.

UNDER NOTE VIII.-OF DOUBLE NEGATIVES.

"We need not, nor do not, confine the purposes of God."-Bentley. "I cannot by no means allow him that."-Idem. "We must try whether or no we cannot increase the Attention by the Help of the Senses."-Brightland's Gram., p. 263. "There is nothing more admirable nor more useful."-Horne Tooke, Vol. i, p. 20. "And what in no time to come he can never be said to have done, he can never be supposed to do."-Johnson's Gram. Com., p. 345. "No skill could obviate, nor no remedy dispel, the terrible infection."-Goldsmith's Greece, i, 114. "Prudery cannot be an indication neither of sense nor of taste.' -Spurzheim, on Education, p. 21. "But that scripture, nor no other, speaks not of imperfect faith."-Barclay's Works, i, 172. "But this scripture, nor none other, proves not that faith was or is always accompanied with doubting."Ibid. "The light of Christ is not nor cannot be darkness."-Ib., p. 252. "Doth not the Scripture, which cannot lie, give none of the saints this testimony?"—Ib., p. 379. "Which do not con.inue, nor are not binding."—Ib., Vol. iii, p. 79. "It not being perceived directly no more than the air."-Campbell's Rhet., p. 331. "Let's be no Stoics, nor no stocks, I pray."—Shak Shrew. "Where there is no marked nor peculiar character in the style."—Blair's Rhet., p. 175. "There can be no rules laid down, nor no manner recommended.”—Sheridan's Lect., p. 163. "Bates. He hath not told his thought to the king?'

K. Henry. 'No; nor it is not meet he should.'"-Shak.

UNDER NOTE IX.-EVER AND NEVER.

"The prayer of Christ is more than sufficient both to strengthen us, be we never so weak; and to overthrow all adversary power, be it never so strong."-Hooker. "He is like to have no share in it, or to be ever the better for it."-Law and Grace, p. 23. "In some parts of Chili, it seldom or ever rains."— Willetts's Geog. "If Pompey shall but never so little seem to like it." -Walker's Particles, p. 346. "Latin: 'Si Pompeius paulum modò ostenderit sibi placere.' Cic. i, 5."--Ib. "Though never such a power of dogs and hunters pursue him."— Walker, ib. "Latin: 'Quamlibet magnâ canum et venantium urgente vi.' Plin. l. 18, c. 16."—Ib. "Though you be never so excellent."- Walker, ib. "Latin: Quantumvis licet excellas.' Cic. de Amic."-lb. "If you do amiss never so little."- Walker, ib. "Latin: 'Si tantillum peccâssis.' Plaut. Rud. 4, 4"-Ib. "If we cast our eyes never so little down."—Walker, ib. “Latin: "Si tantulum oculos dejecerimus.' Cic. 7. Ver."-Ib. "A wise man scorneth nothing, be it never so small or homely."-Book of Thoughts, p. 37. "Because they have seldom or ever an opportunity of learning them at all."-Clarkson's Prize-Essay, p. 170. "We seldom or ever see those forsaken who trust in God."-Atterbury.

"Where, playing with him at bo-peep,

He solved all problems, ne'er so deep."-Hudibras.

UNDER NOTE X.-OF THE FORM OF ADVERBS.

"One can scarce think that Pope was capable of epic or tragic poetry; but within a certain limited region, he has been outdone by no poet."-Blair's Rhet., p. 403. "I, who now read, have near finished this chapter."-Harris's Hermes, p. 82. "And yet, to refine our taste with respect to beauties of art or of nature, is scarce endeavoured in any seminary of learning."Kames, El. of Crit., Vol. i, p. viii. "By the Numbers being confounded, and the Possessives wrong applied, the Passage is neither English nor Grammar.”—Buchanan's Syntax, p. 123. "The letter G is wrong named jee."-Creighton's Dict., p. viii. Last; Remember that in science, as in morals, authority cannot make right, what, in itself, is wrong."-0. B. Peirce's Gram., p. 194. "They regulate our taste even where we are scarce sensible of them."-Kames, El. of Crit, ii, "Slow action, for example, is imitated by words pronounced slow."—Ib., ii, 257. "Sure, if it be to profit withal, it must be in order to save."-Barclay's Works, i, 366. "Which is scarce possible at best."-Sheridan's Elocution, p. 67. "Our wealth being near finished."-HARRIS: Priestley's Gram., p. 80.

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CHAPTER IX.-CONJUNCTIONS.

The syntax of Conjunctions consists, not (as L. Murray and others erroneously teach) in "their power of determining the mood of verbs," or the cases of nouns and pronouns," but in the simple fact, that they ink together such and such terms, and thus "mark the connexions of human thought."-Beattie.

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RULE XXII.-CONJUNCTIONS. Conjunctions connect words, sentences, or parts of sentences: as,

"Let

there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee, and between my herdmen and thy herdmen; for we are brethren.”—Gen., xiii, 8.

"Ah! if she lend not arms as well as rules,

What can she more than tell us we are fools ?"-Pope.

EXCEPTION FIRST.

The conjunction that sometimes serves merely to introduce a sentence which is made the subject or the object of a finite verb;* as, "That mind is not matter, is certain."

"That you have wronged me, doth appear in this."—Shak.
"That time is mine, O Mead! to thee, I owe."-Young.

EXCEPTION SECOND.

When two corresponding conjunctions occur, in their usual order, the former should generally be parsed as referring to the latter, which is more properly the connecting word; as, "Neither sun nor stars in many days appeared."-Acts, xxvii, 20. "Whether that evidence has been afforded [or not,] is a matter of investigation."-Keith's Evidences, p. 18.

EXCEPTION THIRD.

Either, corresponding to or, and neither, corresponding to nor or not, are sometimes transposed, so as to repeat the disjunction or negation at the end of the sentence; as, "Where then was their capacity of standing, or his either?"-Barclay's Works, iii, 359. "It is not dangerous neither."-Bolingbroke, on Hist., p. 135. "He is very tall, but not too tall neither."-Spect..

No. 475.

OBSERVATIONS ON RULE XXII.

OBS. 1.-Conjunctions that connect particular words, generally join similar parts of speech in a commou dependence on some other term. Hence, if the words connected be such as have cases, they will of course be in the same case; as, "For me and thee.”—Matt., xvii, 27. "Honour thy father and thy mother.”—Ib., xviii, 19. Here the latter noun or pronoun is connected by and to the former, and governed by the same preposition or verb. Conjunctions themselves have no government, unless the questionable phrase "than whom" may be reckoned an exception. See Obs. 17th below, and others that follow it.

OBS. 2.-Those conjunctions which connect sentences or clauses, commonly unite one sentence or clause to an other, either as an additional assertion, or as a condition, a cause, or an end, of what is asserted. The conjunction is placed between the terms which it connects, except there is a transposition, and then it stands before the dependent term, and consequently at the beginning of the whole sentence: as, "He taketh away the first, that he may establish the second."-Heb., X, 9. "That he may establish the second, he taketh away the first."

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OBS. 3.-The term that follows a conjunction, is in some instances a phrase of several words, yet not therefore a whole clause or member, unless we suppose it elliptical, and supply what will make it such as, "And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, AS to the Lord, AND not unto men.”— Col., iii, 23. If we say, this means, 'as doing it to the Lord, and not as doing it unto men," the terms are still mere phrases; but if we say, the sense is, "as if ye did it to the Lord, and not as if ye did it unto men," they are clauses, or sentences. Churchill says, "The office of the conjunction is, to connect one word with an other, or one phrase with an other."-New Gram., p. But he uses the term phrase in a more extended sense than I suppose it will strictly bear: he means by it, a clause, or member; that is, a sentence which forms a part of a greater

152.

sentence.

OBS. 4.-What is the office of this part of speech, according to Lennie, Bullions, Brace, Hart, Hiley, Smith, M'Culloch, Webster, Wells, and others, who say that it "joins words and sentences together," (see Errors on p. 434 of this work,) it is scarcely possible to conceive. If they imagine it to connect "words" on the one side, to "sentences" on the other; this is plainly absurd, and contrary to facts. If they suppose it to join sentence to sentence, by merely connecting word to word, in a joint relation; this also is absurd, and self-contradictory. Again, if they mean, that the conjunction sometimes connects word with word, and sometimes, sentence with sentence; this sense they have not expressed, but have severally puzzled their readers by an ungrammatical use of the word "and." One of the best among them says, "In the sentence, 'He and I must go,' the word and unites two sentences, and thus avoids an unnecessary repetition; thus instead of saying, 'He must go,' 'I must go,' we connect the words He, I, as the same thing is affirmed of both, namely, must go."-Hiley's Gram., p. 53. Here is the incongruous suggestion, that by connecting words only, the conjunction in fact connects sentences; and the stranger blunder concerning those words, that "the same thing is affirmed of both, namely, [that they] must go." Whereas it is plain, that nothing is affirmed of either: for "He and I must go," only affirms of him and me, that "we must * The conjunction that, at the head of a sentence or clause, enables us to assume the whole preposition as one thing: as, "All arguments whatever are directed to prove one or other of these three things: that something is true: that it is morally right or fit; or that it is profitable and good."—Blair's Rhet., p. 318. Here each that may be parsed as connecting its own clause to the first clause in the sentence; or, to the word things, with which the three clauses are in a sort of apposition. If we conceive it to have no such connecting power, we must make this too an exception.

go." And again it is plain, that and here connects nothing but the two pronouns; for no one will say, that, "He and I must go together," is a compound sentence, capable of being resolved into two simple sentences; and if, "He and I must go," is compound because it is equivalent to, “He must go, and I must go;" so is, We must go," for the same reason, though it has but one nominative and one verb. "He and I were present," is rightly given by Hiley as an example of ture pronouns connected together by and. (See his Gram., p. 105.) But, of verbs connected to each other, he absurdly supposes the following to be examples: "He spake, and it was done.”—“I know it, and I can prove it."- -"Do you say so, and can you prove it?"-Ib. Here and connects sentences, and not particular words.

OBS. 5.-Two or three conjunctions sometimes come together; as, "What rests, but that the mortal sentence pass?"-Milton. "Nor yet that he should offer himself often."-Heb., ix, 25. These may be severally parsed as "connecting what precedes and what follows," and the observant reader will not fail to notice, that such combinations of connecting particles are sometimes required by the sense; but, since nothing that is needless, is really proper, conjunctions should not be unnecessarily accumulated: as, But AND if that evil servant say in his heart," &c.—Matt, xxiv, 48. Greek, · Ἐὰν δὲ εἴπῃ ὁ κακὸς δοῦλος ἐκεῖνος, &c. Here is no and. But AND if she depart."-1 Cor., vii, 11. This is almost a literal rendering of the Greek, “'Ear dè kai xwpłódź,” -yet either but or and is certainly useless. "In several cases," says Priestley, 44 we content ourselves, now, with fewer conjunctive particles than our ancestors did [say used]. Example: 'So AS that his doctrines were embraced by great numbers.' Universal Hist., Vol. 29, p. 501. S that would have been much easier, and better."-Priestley's Gram., p. 139. Some of the poets have often used the word that as an expletive, to fill the measure of their verse; as, "When that the poor have cried, Cæsar hath wept.”—Shakspeare. "If that he be a dog, beware his fangs."-Id.

"That made him pine away and moulder,

As though that he had been no soldier."-Butler's Poems, p. 164.

OBS. 6.-W. Allen remarks, that, "And is sometimes introduced to engage our attention to a following word or phrase; as, 'Part pays, and justly, the deserving steer.' [Pope.] I see thee fall, and by Achilles' hand.' [Id]."-Allen's E. Gram., p. 184. The like idiom, he says, occurs in these passages of Latin: "Forsan et hæc olim meminisse juvabit.' Virg. 'Mors et fugacem persequitur virum' Hor."-Allen's Gram., p. 184. But it seems to me, that and and et are here regular connectives. The former implies a repetition of the preceding verb: as, "Part pays, and justly pays, the deserving steer."-"I see thee fall, and fall by Achilles' hand." The latter refers back to what was said before: thus, "Perhaps it will also hereafter delight you to recount these evils."-" And death pursues the man that flees." In the following text, the conjunction is more like an expletive; but even here it suggests an extension of the discourse then in progress: "Lord, and what shall this man do?"-John, xxi, 21. “Kúpiɛ, vỷtoç dề Tí;”—“Domine, hic autem quid?"-Beza.

OBS. 7.-The conjunction as often unites words that are in apposition, or in the same case; as, "He offered himself As a journeyman.”—“I assume it as a fact."-Webster's Essays, p. 94. “In an other example of the same kind, the earth, AS a common mother, is animated to give refuge against a father's unkindness."—Kames, El. of Crit., Vol ii, p. 168. "And then to offer himself up As a sacrifice and propitiation for them."-Scougal, p. 99. So, likewise, when an intransitive verb takes the same case after as before it, by Rule 6th; as, Johnson soon after engaged AS usher in a school."-L. Murray. "He was employed AS usher." In all these examples, the case that follows as, is determined by that which precedes. If after the verb “engaged" we supply himself, usher becomes objec.ive, and is in apposition with the pronoun, and not in agreement with Johnson: "He engaged himself as usher." One late writer, ignorant or regardless of the analogy of General Grammar, imagines this case to be an "objective governed by the conjunction as," according to the following rule: "The conjunction as, when it takes the meaning of for, or in the character of, governs the objective case; as, Addison, as a writer of prose, is highly distinguished."-J. M. Putnam's Gram., p. 113. S. W. Clark, in his grammar published in 1848, sets as in his list of prepositions, with this example: "That England can spare from her service such men as HIM.-Lord Brougham."—Clark's Practical Gram., p. 92. And again: "When the second term of a Comparison of equality is a Noun, or Pronoun, the Preposition AS is commonly used. Example He hath died to redeem such a rebel as ME.- Wesley." Undoubtedly, Wesley and Brougham here erroneously supposed the as to connect words only, and consequently to require them to be in the same case, agreeably to OBS. 1st, above; but a moment's reflection on the sense. should convince any one, that the construction requires the nominative forms he and I, with the verbs is and am understood.

OBS. 8.-The conjunction as may also be used between an adjective or a participle and the noun to which the adjective or participle relates; as, "It does not appear that brutes have the least reflex sense of actions AS distinguished from events; or that will and design, which constitute the very nature of actions AS such, are at all an object of their perception."-Butler's Analogy, p. 277.

OBS. 9.-As frequently has the force of a relative pronoun, and when it evidently sustains the relation of a case, it ought to be called, and generally is called, a pronoun, rather than a conjunt tion; as, "Avoid such as are vicious "Anon. "But as many as received him," &c.—John, i, 12. "We have reduced the terms into as small a number as was consistent with perspicuity and distinction."-Brightland's Gram., p. ix. Here as represents a noun, and while it serves to connect