Croix, who, on his return from Portugal, where he had been nuncio from the pope, introduced the custom of using tobacco. It was received at once in France and the Papal States with great enthusiasm, in the form of powder or snuff; it was some time after this period, that smoking became popular. "In 1565, Conrad Gesner became acquainted with tobacco. At that time several botanists cultivated it in their gardens. The same year Sir John Hawkins carried tobacco from Florida to England, where all men wondered what it meant.' "In 1570, they smoked in Holland out of conical tubes composed of palm leaves plaited together. 6 "In 1575, first appeared a figure of the plant in Andre Thevot's Cosmographie.' "In 1585, the English first saw pipes made of clay among the natives of Virginia, which had just been discovered by Sir Richard Grenville. It appears, likewise, that the English soon after fabricated the first clay tobacco pipes in Europe. "In 1590, Schah Abbas of Persia, prohibited the use of tobacco in his empire ; but the practice had become so deep-rooted among his subjects, that many of them fled to the mountains, and abandoned every thing else to enjoy the luxury of smoking. "In the beginning of the seventeenth century they began to cultivate tobacco in the East Indies. "In 1604, James I. of England endeavoured, by means of heavy imposts, to abolish the use of tobacco, which he held to be a noxious weed. "In 1610 the smoking of tobacco was known at Constantinople. To render the custom ridiculous, a Turk, who had been found smoking, was conducted about the streets with a pipe transfixed through his nose. For a long time after, the Turks purchased tobacco from the English, and that the refuse. It was late before they began to cultivate the plant themselves. "In 1615, tobacco began to be sown about Amersfort, in Holland, which afterwards became famous for its cultivation. "In 1616, the colonists began to cultivate tobacco in Virginia. It is not known whether the plant was indigenous, or whether it came from a more southern country. It is supposed the seeds were from Tobago. But it seems to have been in use among the Virginia Indians at the time they were visited by the English, and was called by them petun, or petum. Clavigero says, tobacco is a name taken from the Haitine language.' Humboldt also derives it from the same language, and says that the term was used to designate the pipe, or instrument made use of by the natives in smoking the herb, which the Spaniards transferred to the herb itself, and after them the other nations of the old world. "In 1619, James I. wrote his 'Counterblast to Tobacco,' and ordered that no planter in Virginia should cultivate more than 100 lbs. a year. He also prohibited its sale in England or Ireland until the custom should be paid and the royal seal affixed; 20,000 lbs. were exported this year from Virginia to England, the whole crop of the preceding year. "In 1620, ninety young women were sent over from England to America and sold to the planters for tobacco, at 120 lbs. each. The price at first was 100 lbs., which gradually increased to 150 lbs. King James issued a proclamation restraining the disorderly trade in this obnoxious article. In the same year some English companies introduced the smoking of tobacco into Zittau, in Germany, and Robert Konigsman, a merchant, brought the tobacco plant from England to Strasburg. "In 1622, the annual import of tobacco into England from America, for the last seven years was 142,085 lbs. In 1624, the pope published a decree of excommunication against all who should take snuff in the church, because then already some Spanish ecclesiastics used it during the celebration of mass. King James restricted the culture of tobacco to Virginia and the Somer isles, and forbade its importation from any other quarter, considering England and Wales 'as utterly unfyt, in respect of the clymate, to cherish the same for any medicinall use, which is the only good to be approved in yt.' "In 1631, smoking of tobacco was introduced into Misnia by some Swedish troops. "In 1634, a tribunal, called the chamber of tobacco, was formed at Moscow, which prohibited smoking under pain of having the nose slit; and the Grand Duke defended the entrance of tobacco with the infliction of the knout for the first offence, and death for the second. "In 1639, the grand assembly of Virginia passed a law, that all tobacco planted in that and the two succeeding years, should be destroyed, except such a proportion to each planter as should make in the whole 120,000 lbs., and that the creditors of the planters should receive forty pounds for every 100 lbs. due them. "In 1653, smoking began in the canton of Apenzell, in Switzerland. At first the children ran after those who smoked in the streets. They were likewise cited before the council and punished, and the innkeepers were ordered to inform against such as should smoke in their houses. "In 1661, the police regulation of Berne, in Switzerland, was made, which was divided according to the ten commandments. In it, the prohibition to smoke tobacco, stands under the rubric, thou shalt not commit adultery,' and was continued in force until the middle of the last century. "In 1669, the crimes of adultery and fornication were punished in Virginia by a fine of from 500 to 1000 lbs. of tobacco. "In 1670, and the two following years, smoking of tobacco was punished in the canton of Glaurus, by a fine of one crown Swiss money. "In 1676, the whole custom on tobacco from Virginia, collected in England, was 600,000 dollars. In the same year, two Jews first attempted the cultivation of tobacco in the margravate of Brandenburg; but which, however, was not brought to bear till 1681. "In 1689, Jacob Francis Vicarius, an Austrian physician, invented the tubes for tobacco pipes, which have capsules containing bits of sponge; however, about the year 1670, already pipes were used having glass globules appended to them, to collect the oily moisture exuding from the tobacco. "In 1690, Pope Innocent XII. excommunicated all who should be guilty of taking snuff or tobacco in the church of St. Peter at Rome. "In 1697, great quantities of tobacco already were produced in the palatinate of Hesse. "In 1709, the yearly exports of tobacco from America for the last ten years, were 28,858,666 lbs.; of which 11,260,659 lbs. were annually consumed in Great Britain, and 17,598,007 lbs. countries of Europe. "In 1719, the senate of Strasburg prohibited the culture of tobacco from an apprehension that it would diminish the growing of corn. "In 1724, Pope Benedict XIV. revoked the bull of excommunication published by Innocent, because he had acquired the habit of taking snuff. "In 1732, tobacco was made a legal tender in Maryland, at one penny a pound. "In 1747, and the two years previous, there were annually exported to England from the American colonies, 40,000,000 lbs. of tobacco, 7,000,000 lbs. of which was consumed in England. The annual revenue was about 4,500,000 dollars. "In 1753, the King of Portugal farmed out the tobacco trade for about 2,500,000 dollars. The revenue of the King of Spain from tobacco, amounted to 6,330,000 dollars. "In 1759 the duties on tobacco in Denmark brought in 40,000 dollars. "In 1770, the Empress of Austria received a revenue from tobacco of 800,000 dollars. "In 1773 the duties on tobacco in the Two Sicilies, amounted to 446,000 dollars. "In 1775, the annual export of tobacco from the United States, for the last four years, was 1,000,000 lbs. ; for the last thirty years it averaged 40,000,000 lbs., of which 7,000,000 lbs. were consumed in Great Britain, and 33,000,000 lbs. in the other European countries. "In 1780, the King of France received from tobacco a revenue of about 7,250,000 dollars. "In 1782, the annual export of tobacco during the preceding seven years' war of the Revolution, had been 12,378,504 lbs. Of the total seven years' exportation, 33,974,949 lbs. were captured by the British. "In 1787, the quantity imported into Ireland, was 1,877,579; in 1829, 4,124,742 lbs. "In 1789, the quantity exported from the United States, together with the two previous years, averaged about 90,000,000 lbs. "In 1820, the quantity of tobacco grown in France had doubled in three years, being 32,887,500 lbs. "In 1828, the revenue on tobacco in the state of Maryland was 27,275 dollars. "In 1830, the revenue on tobacco and snuff in Great Britain was nearly 13,000,000 dollars. "In 1834, the value of tobacco used in the United States was estimated at 16,000,000 dollars; of which 9,000,000 dollars were supposed to have been for smoking Spanish cigars; 6,500,000 dollars for smoking American tobacco and chewing; and 500,000 dollars for snuff. "In 1838, the annual consumption of tobacco in the United States was estimated at 100,000,000 lbs. valued at 20,000,000 dollars cost to the consumers, being seven pounds to each individual of the whole population. "In 1840, it was ascertained by a committee appointed to procure and report statistical information on the subject, that about 1,500,000 persons were engaged in the manufacture and cultivation of tobacco in the United States; 1,000,000 of whom were in the states of Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. Allowing the population of the whole country to be 17,000,000, it will be seen that nearly one-tenth are in some way engaged in the cultivation or manufacture of this article. The value of the export during that year was nearly 10,000,000 dollars." CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO IN THE UNITED STATES. "There are four kinds of tobacco reared in Virginia, namely, the sweet-scented, which is the best; the big and little, which follow next; then the Frederick; and lastly, the one and all, the largest of all, and producing most in point of quantity. The Virginian tobacco is reckoned superior to any raised in the southern states; and great care is taken by the regulations of the state, that no frauds be practised upon the merchants, and that no inferior tobacco be palmed upon the purchaser. For this purpose, houses of inspection are established in every district where tobacco is cultivated, whose regulations are rigorously enforced; this contributes, as much as the real superiority of the article itself, to keep up its price in the market. Every person who intends his tobacco for exportation, packs it up in hogsheads, and thus sends it to one of the inspecting houses. Here the tobacco is taken from the cask, which is opened for the purpose; it is examined in every direction, and in every part, in order to ascertain its quality and its purity; if any defect is perceived, it is rejected and declared to be unfit for exportation. If no defect appear, it is pronounced to be exportable. It is then repacked in the hogshead, which is branded with a hot iron, marking the place of inspection, and the quality of the contents; and then lodged in the inspecting storehouses, there to await the disposal of the planter, who receives a certificate of the particulars, serving at the same time as an acknowledgment of the deposit. It is by selling this tobacco note to the merchant that the planter sells his tobacco. The purchaser, on viewing this note, is as well acquainted with the article, as if he had inspected it himself; and he has only to send the note and transfer to the store where the tobacco lies, and it is immediately delivered out, agreeably to his orders. This measure has insured a preference in the foreign market to the Virginian tobacco, and prevents the deterioration of the article."-Book of the United States. It is a curious fact, that notwithstanding the variety of climate and soil in the United States, every state and territory in the union produces tobacco. In many of the states its cultivation is, of course, a secondary object, and perhaps in some, it is attended to as a matter of curiosity. But in most of the states, probably, a sufficient quantity has been grown to show that, with attention to this object, it might, in case of necessity, be resorted to as a profitable crop. In Maine and New Hampshire, the amount returned in 1840 is small, being only thirty pounds in the former, and 115 lbs. in the latter. In Massachusetts, it appears to have more attention, 64,955 lbs. being returned, and in Vermont, 585 lbs. In Connecticut, 471,657 lbs. were raised, and in Rhode Island, 317 lbs., making in the New England states together 537,659 lbs. In the middle states, also, some attention has been paid to the cultivation of it. In New York, 744 lbs. are returned, and in New Jersey, 1922 lbs.; Pennsylvania, 325,018 lbs., and Delaware, 272 lbs.; making the product of the middle states, 327,956 lbs. But the states in which the great bulk of the crops is grown, lie between the latitudes of about 34 deg. and 40 deg. We have arranged the following table according to the quantity produced in each state : 1 Virginia ....... 2 Kentucky................................................ 5 North Carolina ......... 16,772,359 6 Missouri............. 10 Connecticut.............................. 11 Pennsylvania 12 Alabama ............................... 9,067,913 21 Iowa 8,076 5,942,275 22 New Jersey.. 1,922 1,820,306 23 Michigan ...... 1,602 ......... ......... 564,326 24 New York 744 .......... 13 Georgia.. .......... 162,894 27 Delaware ............. 272 115 14 Arkansas 29 Wisconsin .............. 115 119,824 30 16 Mississippi 83,471 From which table it will be seen that Connecticut and Pennsylvania hold the tenth and eleventh rank as producers.-The following shows the quantity raised in non-slaveholding states. The whole crop of 1840, therefore, if the returns be correct, is 219,163,319 lbs., which, at the estimate of 1200 lbs. to the hogshead, would be equal to 182,636 hogsheads, which, at the average price of that year, eighty-one dollars five cents per hogshead, would make the value of the crop of the United States that year 14,802,647 dollars 80 cents. The average annual export for the ten years, ending with 1840, was 96,775 hogsheads, which, if that year be an average crop, would leave a surplus for consumption and future exportation of 85,861 hogsheads. The actual exportation in 1840, ending September 30, per treasury returns, was 119,484 hogsheads. The principal exports are formed of the produce of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Maryland, and North Carolina, the crops of which states, according to the census returns, make as follows: MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO IN THE UNITED STATES. Tobacco is manufactured in all the states except Vermont and Wisconsin. In this branch of business 8384 persons are employed, and 3,437,191 dollars of capital invested. The value of the product is 5,819,568 dollars, nearly one-half of which is in Virginia. The following table shows the states in which it is manufactured to any considerable extent. STATEMENT of the Tobacco, Snuff, and Manufactured Tobacco, Exported from the United States, annually, from 1821 to 1840, inclusive. STATEMENT, showing to what Countries the larger portion of Tobacco is Exported. 1821. 1822.. 19,695 1823.. 1824.. 1825.. 1826.. 1827. 28,918 dollars. dollars. 766,222 660,088 534,858 Total... 241,919 20,392,176 65,822 7,955,164 218,679 11,654,228] 139,515 908,699 19,148 282,721 Total... 524,640 50,194,466 146,834 16,361,346 423,707 21,907,465 373,918 18,734,186 322,901 1,792,000 The export of tobacco from the United States since 1821 has nearly doubled, but the increase has been chiefly to Holland and Germany; while to Great Britain the export has not increased to any great amount; although the population has increased in the United Kingdom about 7,000,000 of inhabitants during the twenty years, 1821 to 1840. The consumption of tobacco, per head, as charged with duty, has greatly decreased |