And has a servant * is the proper rendering of the Masoretic | tial good. The word, by usage, is applied either to persons, or reading; and is defended by Rosenmüller, Bertheau, and things; the parallelism here requires the latter. * others, † on the ground that he is thereby enabled to cultivate his land, and obtain his bread. But it could hardly be worth while

V. 11. p, empty, vain things, in which there is no substan- ter capere, ut intelligantur et vana et inania consilia, et res vanæ

| Hitzig: Dass das Mitleid der Frevler grausam sei hat als Gerechten Wurzel dauert. Da der Sinn schon an sich darauf Oxymoron geringere Wahrscheinlichkeit.

führt, dass der Wurzel Dauer oder Nichtdauer zugeschrieben

¶ Maurer: 1x ¬ est constructio quæ dicitur ad sen- werde, so scheint es am leichtesten, als ein dem gum. Umbreit: 78, etwas Grausames.

gleichbedeutendes Adjectiv zu fassen, und darnach zu lesen 15.

relation of the verbal idea (to give, to yield) to that of a root is against the assumption of a subject not indicated in the connection. The other construction rests on a needless conjecture,* and weakens, moreover, the antithesis in the two members

Will bring forth † used in English, like the Hebrew word, with or without its complement.

V.13. An evil snare: compare Eccl. 9:12,

. So

REVISED VERSION.

13 In the transgression of the lips 13 is an evil snare ;

but the righteous will go forth out of trouble.

14 Of the fruit of the mouth shall 14 a man be satisfied with good;

and the desert of one's hands shall return to him.

The way of a fool is right in his 15 own eyes;

but he that hearkens to counsel

is wise.

16 The fool's anger is known the 16 same day;

but a shrewd man conceals an

affront.

17 He who breathes truth shows 17 the right,

but a false witness fraud. 18 There is that prates as with 18 thrusts of the sword

but the tongue of the wise is a

healing.

19 The truthful lip is established 19 forever,

and the lying tongue but for

a moment.

Deceit is in the heart of them 20 that devise evil;

but to them that counsel peace there is joy.

V. 14. Shall return: according to the Chethibh (1), which is doubtless the true reading. Qeri: He (God) will cause to return. V. 16. The same day ()* the literal and pointed expression of the Hebrew.

Second member: a shrewd man (1), see note on ch. 1: 4, third paragraph), is the subject, as required by the contrast with fool,' and not the predicate, as construed by some. †

in all critical works, till that of Bertheau (followed by Stuart),
who translates, 'a snare to the evil.' But with this construction,
the meaning must be, that "the pay in the second member is,
according to the first, he who is not chargeable with the trans-but not familiar to English usage. ‡
gression of the lips;" which is not consistent with the language

V. 18. As with (≥): see Gesenius' Gram., ¿118, Rem. c.
V, 19, second member. For a moment: lit. while I wink; a
form of expression established in Hebrew (compare Jer. 49 : 19),

of the second member.

V. 20. For the relation of the two members, see Expl. Notes.

* Bertheau: an demselben Tage, d. i. sogleich nachdem er er

* Gesenius, Thes. II. p. 928: Nil opus est conjectura regt ist. Ewald: desselben Tags. perennis, quæ vox et ipsa conjecturalis est.

† Rosenmüller: Tantum abest, ut ob illatam sibi injuriam tur

† As the Hebrew word is rendered in Ps. 1:3, in the Common bas et contentiones excitet, et sese ulcisci studeat, ut potius ita se Version.

gerat, quasi offensam ne animadverteret quidem.

Bertheau: ist der Voluntat. Hifil (Jerem. 49:19, 58:44), ich will machen einen Wink (17), doch hat sich diese ursprüngliche Bedeutung so weit abgeschliffen, dass die Form, als stände sie substantivish für , mit der Präpos. verbunden wird bis ich mache einen Wink bis auf einen Augenblick.

V. 21. Shall-befall (1x), as in Ps. 91 : 10.

V. 27. Or, will not snare his game

but the slothful shall be under

tribute.

Heaviness in the heart of man 25

bows it down;

but a good word makes it glad. 26 The righteous will guide his 26 fellow;

but the way of the wicked leads them astray.

27 The slothful will not roast his 27

game;

but a precious treasure to one is the diligent.

28 In the path of righteousness 28 is life.

even a beaten way, where is no death.

V. 26. Will guide:, Hiph. of ¬ (or ), in the sense V. 23. Shrewd (see note on ch. 1: 4, second and third para-to guide, to show the way. So Gesenius, Umbreit, Ewald, Maugraphs). Prudent expresses more than is intended here by the Hebrew word.

V. 24, second member. Slothful: either an adject. referring to hand, as construed by some; or the subst. slothfulness (¬¬) is concr. the slothful, as in v. 27*—Under tribute (o): as in Deut. 2011.

T T

V. 25. (masc., with a fem. subj. preceding it, as in 29:25)| is a very rare case; compare Gen. 15: 17, by, and Gesen. Gram. 147, Rem. 2. The remoteness of the subj. here makes the anomaly less strange. More difficult is the use of the fem. suff. (), with manifest reference to (perhaps as = ). That this is the construction of the sentence is admitted by nearly all critics of note. Hitzig has not lightened the difficulty, by referring the Suff. to hand, in the preceding verse.

rer,

rer, Bertheau.

His fellow (1). His fellow-man is meant; no nearer relation (friend, companion, or neighbor) obviously is intended here. V. 27. Will-roast: the traditional Jewish explanation, and in accordance with Aramæan usage.*

Will-snare (margin) is preferred by some scholars. But it is a less attested signification. Moreover, it is not much to say, that the indolent will not snare his game; while there is point in the assertion, that he is too lazy to cook what is already provided.

V. 28, second member. Literally: and a beaten way-no mässigkeiten. So Ewald (Kummer in Eines Herz drückt es danieder), Maurer, Rosenmüller, and others. * Ewald: Dass nicht mit bewegen, jagen, sondern

תרך

* Bertheau: Die Trägheit, d. i. der Träge, wird sein zum Trimit vergl. zu vergleichen sei, lehrt schon die Rich

but,

wird als Pflichtige arbeiten müssen.

ق

tigkeit des Bildes, welche fordert sich zu denken, wie der Träge eben das, was er schon hat, nicht fertig zu machen und anzuwenden Lust hat.

† Bertheau: auf beziehen sich die beiden Suffixe des Femin., ausnahmsweise, da sonst immer Mascul. ist; es mochte dem Verf. etwa das Femin. vorschweben; auch fällt es etwas Bertheau: Das Wort bedeutet der jüdischen Ueberlieferung auf, dass mit dem Masc. des Verbi verbunden ist. gemäss, die durch aramäischen Sprachgebrauch gesichert ist, Doch verlangt der Sinn zu deutlich Annahme dieser Unregel-braten: nicht brät die Trägheit, d. i. der Träge, sein Wildpret.

KING JAMES' VERSION.

CHAP. XIII.

A WISE Son heareth his father's instruction: but a scorner heareth not rebuke.

2 A man shall eat good by the fruit of his mouth: but the soul of the transgressors shall eat violence.

3 He that keepeth his mouth keepeth his life but he that openeth wide his lips shall have destruction.

4 The soul of the sluggard desireth, and hath nothing: but the soul of the diligent shall be made fat.

5 A righteous man hateth lying but a wicked man is loathsome, and cometh to shame.

6 Righteousness keepeth him that is upright in the way: but wickedness overthroweth the sin

ner.

א

he that opens wide his lips, it is his destruction.

4 The spirit of the sluggard long- 4 eth, and has nothing;

but the spirit of the diligent shall be enriched.

Lying speech the righteous 5 hates;

but base and shameful is the conduct of the wicked.

6 Righteousness will keep the 6 blameless way;

but wickedness will pervert to sin.

death! i. e. no death is there; or more simply, in English, where | verb (b) in the first.* The objection made to this (that “the is no death. The omission of the relative (in reference to place, spirit does not eat"),† is mere trifling. The spirit of such has as well as time, Gesen. Gram., 123, 3, b) is a marked feature of this for its reward; and in that sense is properly said to feed on it. poetical expression in Hebrew. V.4. Shall be enriched (compare 11 :25), viz. with good. The

For the relation of the second member to the first, see Expl. figure is nearly the same in Hebrew and English.-Spirit of the Notes.

Other constructions lessen the significance of the striking expression * E. g. Rosenmüller: and the way of her path (m) is not death; Ewald: and the way of her path— immortality; Stuart: and [in] her path-way is no death.

The Masoretic pointing (without Mappig, and b) doubtless gives the true expression of the sense. A beaten way, moreover, can not be taken in a bad sense, as one that leads to death.

Ch. XIII.-V. 1. One chastened, Hoph. part. constr.;‡ or if regarded as the subst. (chastening object of chastening?), the meaning and rendering will be the same. The older construction, which supplies here the affirmative side of the negative assertion 'hears not,' in the second member, violates the laws of thought and speech.

V. 2. Violence (see Expl. Notes).—According to the most natural construction, the object in both members is governed by the

* Maurer: Via trita, i. e. recta et plana, in qua eunt probi, opposita deviis et inviis, in quas deflectunt improbi.

Maurer: Nusquam, quod sciam, in malam partem accipitur via trita, quum hoc sensu via curva dicatur potius.

sluggard: byy iz, Gesenius, Heb. Gram., ¿121, 5; footnote.‡ V. 5. ¬¬¬¬¬¬; comp. Ewald, Lehrb. ? 122, c, 1; Gesen. Gram. 853, 2, second paragraph, extr.q

V. 6. Blameless way: -, prop. innocence, or blamelessness, of way blameless way.--Will keep, in English, corresponds to the Heb. verb, in both its senses.

Second member. Will pervert to sin: as the words are con

* Bertheau: Und die Gier der Treulosen verzehrt (aus b-xin a ist herauszunehmen) Grausamkeit, weil sein Thun ihm durch grausame Behandlung von anderen vergolten, somit seine Gier durch Grausamkeit gesättigt wird.

† Hitzig: Durch 26 : 7 sieht man sich versucht, dar in b von nabhängig zu machen, allein die Seele' isst nicht.

Bertheau: Das Suff. in i weiset schon auf by hin, welches Wort ganz so als wenn es in gewöhnlicher Weise dem stat. constr. untergeordnet wäre folgt; Ewald, Lehrb. 301, c. Hitzig's objections are not well founded.

Bertheau :

& Maurer: Verbum mendax (sermones fraudulentos) odit justus; et (sed) improbus male et turpiter agit. Trügerisches Wort hasst .. der Gerechte, und der Frevler handelt schrählich (in derselben Bedeutung als stände ¬¬¬, wie denn auch 19:16 statt neben wirklich wa steht) und handelt schändlich, indem er Lug und Trug sich zu Gegenstand der Zucht des Schulden kommen lässt. Hitzig: aber der Frevler handelt schlecht und schändlich.

So Ewald, correctly: muss ein passives partic. sein, also Hof.

? Bertheau: Zucht des Vaters Vaters, und sich ihr nicht entziehend.

HEBREW TEXT.

REVISED VERSION.

7 There is that makes himself 7 rich, and has nothing at all; . that makes himself poor, and has great substance.

8 The ransom of a man's soul is 8 his wealth;

and the poor hears not rebuke.

9 The light of the righteous shall 9 be joyous;

but the lamp of the wicked shall go out.

Only by pride comes conten- 10 tion;

but with those who take counsel there is wisdom.

11 Wealth vanishes more quickly 11 than a vapor.

but he that gathers in hand will cause increase.

V. 11. Or, Wealth from vanity vanishes away

and trivial the reflection, compared with the profound and weighty son as the observation of the sacred writer!

In the common explanation, sun is taken as the abstract for the concrete (sin for the sinner). But it will not be denied that the expression,' wickedness will overthrow sin' (i. e. 'the sinner'), is a very harsh and improbable application of this principle. Gesenius, who favored it in the Thes.,‡ afterwards gave a different meaning to En in this passage.¿

V. 7. The "Poor rich man," and the "Rich poor man," have become common ideas; and illustrations of both have been seen

in all ages.

V. 8. For the meaning and relation of the two members, see Expl. Notes.*

V. 10. Comes, impers., like the Germ. es giebt, es gab; Gesenius, Lex. 1, h.

Who take counsel (1). There is no necessity for assuming a reflexive use of this word, † its common reciprocal sense being pertinent here. In either case, however, the translation is correct; as 'to take counsel' means either, to receive counsel from others, or to counsel with them.

V. 11. More quickly ( of comparison) than a vapor. GeSome translate: there is that feigns himself rich|| (i. e. pre-senius, more quickly than a breath; but the other signification, tends to more wealth than he has); that feigns himself poor (i. e. vapor, is more pertinent in this comparison. professes to be poorer than he is). Very true; but how shallow

A vapor (or a breath) is the favorite image, in Hebrew, of what is unsubstantial, and is therefore insecure or not to be relied on, and fleeting or rapidly passing away; and hence, to * Rechtschaffenheit behütet unschuldigen Wandel; aber Frevel- the Hebrew mind, it is a natural image of the proverbial instabilmuth führt abweges zur Sünde. ist eigentlich die gottes-ity of riches. But for this very reason, it is not the appropriate vergessene schlechte Gesinnung, welche zur sündigen That antreibt. So also Schelling: injustitia præcipites dat in peccatum. † Gerechtigkeit, Bosheit die innere Thätigkeit und Kraft; Lebensunschuld, Sünde-die äussere That.

‡ Vol. II. p. 959. Multum vexatus est locus [Prov.] XIII. 6 ... ita explicandus: justitia tuetur integritatem i. e. integros sed improbitas dejicit peccatum i. e. peccatores, NDA IN, ut recte Aben Esra.

2 Communicated to Dr. Robinson, for the last American edition of the Manual Heb. Lexicon (see the Preface, p. vii.); and added in Hoffmann's Germ. ed. of the Latin work.

|| To make or feign one's self so and so, expressed by some verbs under this form, is not the proper meaning of the form itself, but lies in the nature of certain verbal ideas. So Ewald, Lehrb. 124, 3, a (extr.): dass man den Hauptbegriff der Form bisweilen durch sich stellen übersetzen kaun (welches Hitp. an sich gar nicht bedeutet), wie sich krank machen, d. i. sich | krank stellen, 2 Sam. 13: 5, liegt im Wesen einiger Begriffe.

emblem of the means by which unstable riches are obtained
(wealth gotten by vanity'), or by which they are squandered
('wealth is diminished by vanity,' i. e. by vain pursuits). ¿
The relation of the two members is shown in the Explanatory
Notes.

I

Second member. That gathers in hand: by, as in 1 Sam.

* That I may not seem to have caricatured the common view, subjoin here Hirzel's expression of it. Der Reiche kann nicht nur, sondern muss, z. B. wenn er Räubern in die Hände gefallen ist, sich mit Gelde loskaufen; der Arme dagegen ist taub gegen Drohung jeder Art, womit man Geld von ihm erpressen will.

† Sibi consuli passus est, i. e. consilium admisit, consilio paruit 731 nur hier bedeuten (Hirzel).

würde

נועץ

‡ Lex. 3, 1, opes halitu citius evanescunt. So Umbreit: Reichthum verschwindet schneller als ein Hauch.

? De Wette: Reichthum mindert sich durch Eitelkeit.