A MEDIUM OF INTERCOMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, GENERAL READERS, ETC. Copyrighted, 1891, by the Westminster Publishing Co. Entered at the Post-Office, Philadelphia, as Second-class Matter. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1892. Vol. VIII. No. 16. American Notes and Queries PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY $3.00 per year. $1,75, 6 months. NOTES. CHOCOLATE. (See Multiform Orthography, Vol. vii, p. 324, and Spanish-American Words, Vol. vii, Chocolate.-From Dr. Murray's English Dictionary and other sources we have the following forms: THE WESTMINSTER PUBLISHING COMPANY, P. 299). 619 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Communications for the literary department should be addressed: Editor AMERICAN NOTES AND QUERIES. All checks and money orders to be made payable to the order of The Westminster Publishing Company. Chocolatte, Jocolatte, (Pepys) 1648 Chocolata, 1662 1664 Chocolatte, (Marvel) 1676 Jacolat, (Evelyn) 1682 Chockelet 1684 1690 1703 Jocalat, 1715 Jocolat, The following additional forms are not found in any dictionary. They occur in the licenses for Coffee and Chocolate Houses is "Cradle of the Aryans," 183. Swedish Customs-A sued by the selectmen of Boston, Mass., in QUERIES:-Adverbs in -ad-Utraquism-Foison National COMMUNICATIONS:-Famous Blind People-The First Locomotive Run in America, 189. The Physiology of Tears-The Real Inventor of Telegrayhy, 190-The Thumb as a Rule-A Swaslika Cross for a Massachusetts Funeral Customs in Yorkshire-How Small the Differ- 17th centuries, as D'Acosta, the Jesuit, Bernal Diaz and Gomara. Prescott, too, in his Conquest of Mexico, tells the story of the wonderful beverage. Enormous quantities of it were consumed at the royal table of Mexico; and at the same time, it was a special dependence with the poorer or lower classes, with those who were compelled to perform arduous labor with insufficient food. This last fact proves the truth in Cowley's lines "Gutamala produced a fruit unknown To Europe, which pride she calls her own; Makes fresh the countenance and cheers the heart" The cacao-nut was a product entirely unknown to the Spaniards before their arrival in Mexico. But having at once devoted themselves to its cultivation for the sake of the refreshing and nutritious drink afforded, they were able during their occupation of the country to export large cargoes of it for the use of the royal family of Spain. (See Grimston's Trans. D'Acosta's "Hist. of the Indies." Hakluyt Soc. Reprint, p. 244. From Spain chocolate, it is said, had a royal introduction into France through Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III, and Queen of Louis XIII. the maids at the Chocolate-houses. (Act iii, sc. 3). Congreve's last play, "The Way of the World" (1700), has its opening scene in a Chocolate-house, two of the leading characters just rising from cards. In Farquhar's Sir Harry Wildair, there is a scene between Lady Lurewell and her two chambermaids, whom she orders to bring chocolate for refreshment in her own apartment." (Act ii, sc. 1). The welcome reception extended to the beverage in England was shared also by its name. After more than a half century of unsettled orthography, as shown by our illustrations, the Spanish name was incorporated into the English language without change or disguise of any sort. (See chocolate in Bailey's Dict. 1730, or rather, Dr. John Ash, Eng. Dict. 1725). The Portuguese was, perhaps, the only other Furopean tongue which adopted the Spanish form of the word without modification. America is supposed to get the word from Europe, because English settlers on our Atlantic coast in the seventeenth century brought it with them. But the Spanish settlers of the Pacific coast had it awaiting their adoption one hundred years before. Chocolate is more thoroughly Spanish-American than most other words so-called. Instead of being Castilian corrupted by the intimate association of Mexicans with Spaniards, it is rather the contrary. Originally American or Mexican, the Spanish colonists made it their own by the simple change of its final consonant into an accented vowel. The history of the beverage shows that the name must been Precisely when and how it found its way into England is not recorded. Probably it was during Cromwell's rule, not far from 1650, and accordingly without the help of royal patronage. However it may have been, the "Indian nectar" met with immediate and permanent favor, as may be seen from the literature of the Restoration and of the hundred years succeeding. Mary Evelyn says in her Poem of Fash-in use longer than most other words of the ions that a bride should have in her dressing class. D'Acosta, in his History of the Indies written in Spanish, 1591, calls the "chocolatl," chocolate. It seems not unlikely that the word dates from the "Conquest" (1519). As Spanish dominion extended itself northward and towards the interior, the fame of Theobroma cacao, "the food of the gods," went with it. And we learn that the early Franciscan missionaries and perhaps the Jesuits before them, were accustomed to break their fast directly after mass with a cup or chocolate and a biscuit or piece of toast. Chocolate was also served at their evening repast between 7 and 8, with roast pigeon, or some light meat. Among the old Californians of well-to-do and wealthy families, it was the habit to partake of chocolate at their early breakfast, along with tortilla of maize or wheat with butter. (Bancroft, Past. Cal.) P. 48-" Of the two Celtic stocks, one (styled sometimes Milesian) seems associated with the Cro-Magnon pedigree, and thus may be discarded" (since the Cro-Magnon type of skull is non-Aryan).. This assertion involves a misapplication of the term "Milesian." The Cro-Magnon type of man (short, dark and dolichocephalic) resembles the modern Iberian and the primi "Tea weakens the nerves, but cocoa strengthens the blood," are the sentiments of the oracular chocolate manufacturess-cousin of the "Lossells" of "Koopstad"-in Maarten's 'Serial' God's Fool, begun in Tem-tive inhabitant of Ireland. The Milesian ple Bar of Jan. 1892. ΜΕΝΟΝΑ. Irish were invaders; they were tall, fair and brachycephalic, thus resembling the "CeltoSlavonic" race, so suddenly and unaccounta NOTES ON PROFESSOR RENDALL'S "CRADLE bly dropped at p. 48 by Rendall and Penka, OF THE ARYANS." At page 42 of the above-named book occurs a synopsis of Dr. Karl Penka's theory regarding the Aryans, a speculation in which Rendall agrees with Penka, and which is, in short, this:—That the ancient Aryans and the modern Scandinavians (embracing, of course, the Teutonic Germans) are identically the same race, and the one now represented lineally by the blonde dolichocephalic Swede. In this, Penka is followed by very many other eminent scholars; but they all either ignore or are, perhaps, actually ignorant of the claims of another tall, blond, but brachycephalic race to the distinction of being the one truly Aryan in blood as well as speech; I mean the Celtic. That Penka's views have been generally accepted, I am aware; but contradictory evidence is now on hand. If any one will read Dr. Schrader's "Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples." (Jevons's revised and enlarged translation), and Canon Taylor's "Origin of the Aryans', carefully observing how the most ancient elements of civilization among the Teutonic peoples have a Celtic origin, as cautiously traced back to their source by Schrader, and how the anthropological and archæological evidence (as well as the philological) agree in pointing to the Celt, instead of the Teuton as the original Aryan, I think he will be forced to agree with Taylor that such in truth he was. Long before the Teuton left his icy northern home, central Europe was held by another tall, fair race-the Celtic. If Asia was penetrated by the white conquerors, if Greece and Rome had tall, fair ancestry, they came not from the Teuton, but from the Celt. but identified by Taylor as in truth the original Aryans. P. 48. "The second (Celtic type) in skull-index, in skin-colour, and in general build, shows such marked affinities with the Slavic, that the two may be grouped together. Thus the choice practically narrows itself to the full blond dolichocephalic Teuton on the one hand, and the shorter, dark, brachycephalic man of Celto-Slavonic type on the other. Of these two, one, and one only, exhibits traces of itself everywhere among the various populations for which philology or archæology attest Aryan antecedents. It is the last named, the blue-eyed, fair-haired type of the German-Scandinavian family. Everywhere, and throughout all history, it confronts us and challenges explanation. It appears pictorially on Egyptian monuments two thousand years before Christ. In the pages of the Rig Veda the white skins of invading and triumphant Aryans are expressly contrasted with the black-skinned vanquished Dasyu. The earliest European historians, from Strabo to Jordanes, one after another describe the type in their portraits of Cimbrians and Teutons, Gauls and Franks, Goths and Visigoths." The above comparison of the "second" Celtic type wtth the Teutonic is at fault, because a pure Teuton is set against a mixed Celt. The pure Celt was just as tall and as fair as the pure Teuton, but his skull was brachy-cephalic, while the Teuton's was dolicho-cephalic. (See Taylor's "Aryans.") The fact is, there were two types of white men in neolithic Europe, both tall and fair, one with brachycephalic (broad) skull, the other with a dolicho-cephalic (long) one. The broad skull was the Celt, the long skull sermon, which the "judge characterized as having the quality of giving him a chance to get an appetite for his dinner, as he had had none for his breakfast." Op. cit. Vol. 1, p. 159. It was the custom in Sweden for an in the Teuton. The Celt was, of the two, the first to rise to civilization, for, living in central Europe, he touched its paths from the East, including the Mediterranean. From all this the Teuton was debarred, shut up in the far inhospitable North. Nor did he force his way through the Celtic barriers until near tended bride to elaborately embroider the Christian times; hence, when we are told that a fair race conquered in Asia, gave birth she with the bridegroom knelt during the solcovers of taborets, or ottomans, on which to Greece and founded Rome, it is more reasonable to suppose Celtic affinity in these this usage, thus practiced, repeatedly in the emnizing of marriage. I have come upon Aryans than Teutonic, particularly since Tay-writings of Northern novelists. Such an lor shows them to have been brachycephalic. embroidering seems to have been decided upon by the "contracting parties" according to personal fancy. In Carlén's remarkable romance "Kirkoinvigningen i Hammarby," Vol. i, pp. 171-2, etc., an interesting chapter is dexterously woven from this custom. SWEDISH CUSTOMS. C. But A later author, Kristofer Janson, severely criticises the book just noted, and at page 61 of his "Han og Hun," quotes largely from Carlén's romance to support the same. the most noteworthy fact of this harsh criticism is, that the obnoxious part of the paragraph quoted is nowhere to be found in the work which this Norwegian writer so freely censures. One of the characters in Emilie-Carlén's charming novel "Fosterbröderna," at page 144 of the 1st Volume, recounting by letter his advent in the home of a Swedish judge, says, among those present in the diningroom beside the "women-folk" and himself, were two students-at-law-juris studiosi who usually accompanied his honor" on his journey to court, and lived in his house. It is incidentally stated, that the judge's scrivener "stood behind the brandy table" awaiting call to dinner. Before seating themselves at the dinner-table "all who wished to, took a dram of brandy as an appetizer 'Sedan alla som ville hafva den, tagit aptitsupen." A BUNDLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES. But more curious still than this practice, in Medical Lake.-Medical Lake is fifteen vogue over sixty years ago, and perhaps even miles by rail from the city of Spokane Falls, yet, was the custom described by the same authoress in the cited work, for the court be- State of Washington. The lake is two miles fore opening the session, its officials, law-long, half a mile wide, and sixty feet deep. students, young barristers and jurors, to assemble in a neighboring church, where the minister preached a sermon having more or less pertinency to the occasion. This was called the "Tingspredikan," or "court sermon". "Divine service had extended to some length. The farmers sighed and puffed, the jurymen had their hands piously clasped together, the corps of scribes calculated the intolerable minutes by the clock and the bailiff yawned and figured up in thought how many contracts of sale, proclamations and appraisements should present themselves before seven o'clock, when he, as usual, had his viva party”—a card party, but whose construction I am unable to explain. This appears to have been about the end of the GEO. F. FORT. It is filled with a saline and alkaline water, having a slightly chalybeate admixture; and is a popular health resort for the people of the northwest. R. M. Sour Lake.-Sour Lake is a small lake of acidulous mineral water, in Hardin county, Texas, forty-five miles by rail east of Houston. Its waters have a considerable local reputation in the treatment of various diseases. The Devil's Slide, (see The Devil in place-names, Vol. vii, p. 296).-On Lummi Island, State of Washington, there is a mountain slope of white sandstone, 100 feet wide and 1300 feet long, called the Devil's Slide. The strange thing about it is, that every few minutes a scale of sandstone comes shooting down the slide, and is hurled into the waters of the bay. The unsolved mystery is this: What causes the scales to detach themselves in this unique fashion? Seattle. QUERIES. R. on Adverbs in -ad.-There is a large class of recent adverbs ending in -ad, much used by comparative anatomists, and writers biology. Such are cephalad, caudad, extad, entad, basilad, dextrad, sinistrad, ventrad, aborad, tibiad, fibulad, ulnad, radiad, distad, proximad, and the like. There seems to be a tendency to the adjectival use of these barbarous but convenient words. For their existence, one Barclay is said to be responsible. I wish to inquire into the meaning and origin of the final-ad. Some of the late dictionaries regard it as the Latin preposition ad, used by a violent procedure as a termination. I would fain be charitable enough to see in it a restoration and extension of the old Latin use, seen in such words as prædad, with booty, intrad, within, and the like. Will this conjecture of mine hold The Longest Bridge. Your correspondents seem very good at this kind of superlatives. Can they inform me where the longest bridge in the world is? PONS. Mico. There is a so-called Mico institution in the Island of Jamaica. I believe that it is a religious and educational establishment under denominational control. I desire information as to the origin of the word Mico, as used in this case. Norfolk. CHARLES J. BLanding. Cortlandt. Is the Stevens Cortlandt mentioned by E. P., (Vol. vii, p. 273) the same as Stephanus van Cortlandt? I have no means of getting at a reference book; hence my troubling you. FIFTY MILES FROM ANYWHERE. |