undoubted lingams, as were Seraphim, Suraphim, both words derived from Tsur, the Rock that begat thee," one taking the T and the other the S as initials (see my Gods of the Hebrew Bible, Part II., pp. 61-67, and Part I., pp. 116-117). That they were household gods, is indeed clear from Genesis xxxi., 19, and xxxiv., 35, when Rachel stole her father's Teraphim and hid them by sitting on them. When Ph becomes F we have Fellowone phallically inclined-Fall (in Eden), fallow (fertile), also folly, filter, or philtre, when applied to love; folium, a leaf (fig leaves of Paradise or the ivy and vine leaves of Bacchus); with follicle, a capsuled fruit; and a great list of scientific words in natural history and botany.

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So we see how the Zakar or Pala has penetrated our language, as it has that of all other lands. The Indian word lingam or linga" (or even "ling" by many writers) is very widely used as a place name all over the East. Our own people use a place called Linga, in the Persian Gulf, as a base for our military operations and stopping gun-running. And Britain was once just as much of a Lingam or Pillar, or Pala worshipper as was Palestine. Here we have in Fig. 5 a photograph of a

well-known phallus in Dorsetshire, placed like Moses's rod of god in the " Midian," in a land between two waters, very sacred, because from its site can be seen two seas, the Bristol and the English Channels. Here, again, amongst hundreds we have one from Wolverhampton called a Runic column (Fig. 6), and I show an identical column in the famous picture of the "Worship of the Lamb" by Van Eyck (Fig. 7), a very useful picture for illustrating religious symbolism. Note that there is no man on the cross in Van Eyck's picture. He portrays a purely astronomical crossing or transit, a crucifiction or crucifaction, not a human Crucifixion. Jesus was supposed to be crucified, made to cross over," not crucifixed or fixed to a cross. Such columns existed in countless numbers everywhere, and were worshipped universally as the phallus.

All Indian officials, such as the late Sir Geo. Birdwood, Dr. Oman, and Major-General Forlong, tell us that these pillars are still erected in thousands in India, especially at every cross road or ferry (road crossing river), and a host of writers tell us the same about pillars having been erected at every cross road in Britain and the continent of Europe-in