He who practises virtue lives happy. You punish him who is not Celui qui pratique la vertu vit heureux. Vous punissez celui qui n'est pas coupable. guilty. 139. Celui-ci, and celui-là, adopt the gender and number of the substantives whose place they supply. When opposed to each other, celui-ci marks the nearest object, and celui-là the remotest: as, Celui-ci plaît, mais celui-là captive. This pleases, but that cap tivates. 140. Ceci and cela apply only to things. They may be used singly; but when they are opposed to each other, ceci expresses the nearest object, and cela the remotest: as, Je n'aime point ceci, donnezmoi cela. I do not like this, give me that. EXERCISE XXII. The disorders of the mind are more dangerous than those of the who did not deserve it, and rewarded her who was guilty. persécutent f. We ought to pray for them who persecuto lus. Of all virtues, that devons prier which most distinguishes a Christian, is le plus distingue seen the 2art. 3king's palace, and that of the queen. That gold palais, m. watch which you have shown me, is not yours, it is that of your 81 141. SECTION VI. OF THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. Indefinite pronouns are those which express, in an indefinite or general manner, the persons or things which they represent. These are : on, one: On aime à se flat ter. somebody: people: every thing: One is apt to flatter one's self. Somebody knocks at the door. People say openly. If they blame you, they are wrong. Whoever is rich is every thing. me. Somebody has told Every one complains of him. Do not do to others they should do to you. what you would not I took you for another. No such thing was ever seen. Both are good. Every thing forsakes us. EXERCISE XXIII. If you behave yourself in that manner, what will 2people say of you? vous conduisez ainsi...... on dira-t They write me word from Ispahan that thou hast left Persia, as quitté art. Perse, f. One can not read Télemachus, without becoming better: we there find every where a peut lire Télé que tu 2noble and elevated sentiments; we there find * This l' is placed between the two vowels for the sel It has no other use épanchement beau f. in every line the effusions of a noble soul, and we admire propre faire m. m. des This is addressed to whoever is guilty. Somebody has come speech discours, m.s' adresse.. est venu to 2speak to you. Every one should, for the sake of his pour devrait, happiness, listen only to the voice of m. truth. He f. them. зparle. ne écouter sees remarque que voix, f. the faults of others, but he never mentions défauts Nobody is certain of living till to-morrow. speak ill of other people, if you wish that nobody parlez mal voulez ill of you. Both serve to the same purpose. suade me of any suader servent rien de usage, m. ne ...ne en Do not You cannot per ne sauriez per such thing. All is in God, and God is in all. en CHAPTER V. OF THE VERB. See Introduction, pp. 19-22. 142. The verb expresses the action, or the state of the subject. When it expresses an action, the person or thing affected by such action is called the object. 143. Thus: Pierre punit Jean, Peter punishes John. Here John is the object, because he suffers the action which Peter performs: Peter is the subject; and punishes is the verb. 144. When the verb expresses a state, the word which marks that state is called the attribute: as, Pierre dort Here, sleeping is (Pierre est dormant), Peter is sleeping. the attribute, because it marks the state in which Peter is. 145 The obiect, when spoken of in its connexion 146. The regimen direct is so called, because it completes the signification of the verb without the help of any other word: as, Pierre écrit une lettre, Peter writes a letter. 147. The regimen indirect is that which cannot complete the signification of the verb without the aid of a preposition: as, Pierre nuit à Jean, Peter hurts John. 148. All the neuter verbs have only one regimen-the indirect. There are many active verbs which have both regimens: as il a fait un présent à sa sœur, he has made a present to his sister. 149. Though the greater part of the French verbs are regular, there are, as in other languages, some that are irregular, and others that are defective. Regular verbs are those which are conjugated conformably to a general standard; irregular verbs are those which do not conform to a general standard; and defective verbs are those which want certain tenses, or persons. OF CONJUGATIONS. 150. To conjugate a verb, is to rehearse it with all its different inflections. 151. The French have four conjugations; which are easily distinguished by the termination of the present tense of the infinitive mood. The First ends in -er, as, Second Third Fourth -ir, -oir, -re, parler, aimer, donner, &c. 152. The French, like most modern nations, not having a sufficient number of inflections in their verbs to represent the great variety of their tenses, supply this deficiency by the aid of two auxiliary verbs, avoir, to have, and être, to be. 153. Those tenses in a verb which are formed by inflections of the present tense of the infinitive mood (which is called the root of the verb) are called sin of course, are alwe those which are formed by the union of the tenses of the verbs avoir or être with a participle past, are called compound tenses. Thus: avoir, j'ai, &c.; parler, je parle, &c., are simple tenses: but avoir eu, j'ai eu; avoir parlé, j'ai parlé, &c., are compound tenses. Note. In the conjugations of the verbs in this Grammar, the simple tenses are placed in the left, and the compound tenses in the right hand column. CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB AVOIR, TO HAVE, IN THE FOUR FORMS. |