fort, are a hydraulic machine of Périer for | administration and institutions of the counsupplying the establishment with water, a try after the forms and usages of the flock of merino sheep, and another of Cash- French. The latter, too, had been guilty, mere goats.-Dogs suspected of having not to say of the injustice, but of the gross the hydrophobia are brought here from impolicy, especially at so early a period Paris, to be experimented upon with a of their government, of destroying a numview to the discovery of the best method ber of mosques, and seizing upon lands of treating that terrible disorder. Physio- appropriated to sacred purposes; thus logical experiments are also made on the aggravating the religious antipathy prelarger animals, which have sometimes led viously entertained towards them, as Christo interesting results. tians. Nor had the French authorities in Algiers the apology to offer that these outrages were irregularities which had been committed without their sanction, but which they would take the proper measures in future to prevent or punish. The mode adopted by General Clausel, to put a stop to these irregularities, was by taking the matter into his own hands, and confiscating the whole. of the property in question, together with the estates of the dey, of the beys, and of the expelled Turks, in direct violation of the terms on which the capital was surrendered. Such was the hostile spirit excited among the native tribes, that no Frenchman felt himself in security even in the immediate vicinity of the city; and the administration of Clausel presents to us an incessant series of petty conflicts, productive of no permanent results to compensate for the blood shed and money expended. (See France, App.) In these circumstances, while large tracts of land were purchased on speculation, they remained without settlers from Europe; and all serious attempts to colonise the country seemed to be indefinitely postponed. The general, at length, saw nothing better to be done than to conclude a treaty with the bey of Tunis, by which the provinces of Constantine and Oran were transferred to the brothers of the bey, on condition of their paying an annual tribute of a million of francs, and of their promoting, to the extent of their power, the settlement of the French in the country. On the non-ratification of this treaty by the government at home, and the recall of General Clausel, the whole of the French troops in Africa consisted only of 9300 men able to do duty.—With so diminutive a force, it would have been surprising, could his successor, General Berthezène, have been able to accomplish any thing of moment. His administration of the government of Algiers is, on the contrary, only remarkable for his unsuccessful expedition against Medeah, and the losses inflicted upon his troops during their retreat from that place.-At the close of the year 1831, he was, in his turn, superseded by Savary, Duke of Rovigo,

ALGIERS, or ALGERIA,* as it is now styled by the French. The necessity of providing against the not improbable occurrence of a war nearer home had led, after the revolution of July, to the diminution of the French forces in Algiers, already reduced, within three months after their landing, by the loss of 15,000 men killed, wounded, or sick. General Clausel, who succeeded Marshal Bourmont as governor of the province, and commander-in-chief of the army, found himself in circumstances to call for the exercise of the greatest degree of prudence, as well in his intercourse with the natives, as in his military operations. Instead of aiming directly at the conquest of the country, he sought to extend the influence of France by the establishing of tributary rulers in the provinces, to the E. and W. of the capital. Acting upon this system, he evinced the utmost activity and energy in yielding a timely assistance to such of those rulers as required it, when attacked by the hostile Arabs, and in punishing those among them who were faithless in their engagements to him. And every thing, perhaps, would have gone on favourably, but for faults of administration, which had been early and irretrievably committed, and by which the enduring hostility of the inhabitants had been aroused. One of these faults was the entire expulsion of the Turks, who had hitherto governed the country, instead of making use of them as instruments for its government, and as a means of gradually accustoming the people to the dominion of the conquerors. Oppression is ever felt to be doubly severe at the hand of a new master. It was, therefore, quite natural, that the various tribes of Bedouins and Cabyles, who occupied the interior of the country, should have been excited to resist, with a determined spirit, the invaders of their territory, whom they regarded, besides, with a fanatical abhorrence, as the enemies of God and their prophet. Another fault, equally great with that already mentioned, and a consequence of it, was the attempt to reorganize the

activity, till the conclusion of the treaty, known as the treaty Desmichels, by the terms of which, the emir engaged to deliver up the prisoners he had taken, and to keep the peace in future, on condition of his having a monopoly of the trade with the French in corn, and the privilege of procuring arms and ammunition in the French

on the part of General Desmichels, to keep its terms, last mentioned, secret from his own government, caused him to be removed from his post as governor and military commander in the province of Oran.

who brought with him from France an | hand, with Abd' el Kader, in the western additional force of 16,000 men. The new province of Oran, was carried on with great governor, not satisfied with the superior resources thus placed at his disposal, hesitated not to employ for his purposes fraud as well as force, and to be guilty of a barbarous cruelty; and the separation of the civil from the military administration, which had been latterly effected, seemed scarcely any check upon his proceedings. His two most noted exploits were the ex-ports. This treaty, or rather the attempt, termination of the Arab tribe of El-Uffia, on account of a robbery committed by them, not merely the able-bodied men, but old men, women, and children, being surprised and massacred in the night time, -and the execution of two Arab chiefs, Towards the end of the year 1834, the whom he had contrived to get into his government having come to a determinapower by a written assurance of safe con- tion, on the report of two committees of duct. Exasperated by proceedings like inquiry, to maintain and colonize its posthese, those tribes which had hitherto re- sessions on the Barbary coast, the adminismained quiet embraced the cause of their tration of the latter was again reorganized. countrymen, and the French experienced Drouet, Count d'Erlon, was appointed renewed attacks in every quarter. The governor-general of the colony; and unexpeditions undertaken by the Duke of der him were also appointed a commander Rovigo, in October 1832, did not alter the of the troops, a commander of the naval general aspect of affairs. It was only in forces, a military intendant, a civil intenthe province of Constantine that any ad- dant, and a director of the finances. Trivantage of consequence was gained by the bunals of justice, also, were established, French. In the province of Oran, in the on the principle of both French and natives opposite direction from Algiers, the power enjoying the benefit of their respective and influence of Abd' el Kader was con- systems of law. The comparatively trantinually extending itself, and, aided and quil condition in which the new governor stimulated as he no doubt was by the Em- found the country entrusted to his charge peror of Morocco, threatening to become, enabled him, for some time, to direct his sooner or later, sufficiently formidable to attention chiefly to the improvement of the overthrow the French dominion in Africa. civil and police arrangements. At length, (See Abd el Kader, Sup.) In March however, hostilities were renewed with 1833, the declining health of the Duke of the Hadjutes in the neighbourhood of AlRovigo obliged him to return to France, giers, and subsequently with the indeleaving General Avizard provisionally in fatigable Abd' el Kader. The latter had charge of the government.-On the death employed the interval, since the conclusion of the latter, shortly afterwards, this pro- of his treaty with the French authorities visional charge was entrusted to General in Oran, in extending his influence among Voirol. The system of action pursued by the Arab tribes, and in procuring a suffihim was the exact opposite of that which cient supply of the articles necessary for a has just been described. He sought to renewal of the war, which could scarcely maintain pacific relations with the Arabs, fail, sooner or later, to occur. Whatever while he was anxious to promote the ma- may have been his intentions in this reterial interests of the colony. With the spect, the first offensive movement was exception of several expeditions under- made by his enemies. He was charged taken to chastise the tribe of the Hadjutes by them with an infraction of the treaty for depredations committed by them, and by the purchase of arms and ammunition the capture of Boujeiah, towards the end from foreigners, and they made a military of September 1833, nothing occurred in demonstration from Oran, which was the the province of Algiers, or in the country signal of hostilities. The advantages to the east of it, of any importance; and gained by Abd' el Kader over the French in the neighbourhood of the capital, many general Trézel (See Abd' el Kader, Sup.) of the tribes, which had hitherto been hos-led not only to his removal from his comtile, acknowledged themselves subjects of mand, but also to the recall of the Count France, and a tolerable state of tranquillity d'Erlon.-General, now Marshal Clausel, prevailed. The contest, on the other once more assumed the government of the

ALGIERS.

campaign in the autumn was the provisioning of Medeah and Milianah. Not a single tribe was induced to lay down its arms, or to acknowledge its subjection to the French. The latter, indeed, seemed not to have been over-sanguine of any decisive issue to their efforts to subdue the hostility of the Arabs; since they had begun, during the present year (1840) to construct a wall around the fruitful plain of Metidja, as a protection from the incursions of the enemy. Marshal Vallée had not spared his men, harassing them with forced marches, and exposing them recklessly to all sorts of weather; so that sometimes a third of their number were in the hospitals. And the French government, becoming dissatisfied with the slender results obtained at a great expense of men and money, appointed General Bugeaud to succeed him.

country they made no great advances. | out the year; and the only result of the The French neither succeeded in acquiring the good-will and alliance of the independent tribes, nor in reducing them by force to submission; and colonization made as yet only a very slow progress. Of the provinces, that of Constantine exhibited the most improvement, in the construction of new roads, and otherwise. Nothing of importance occurred until October 1839, when Marshal Vallée, accompanied by the Duke of Orleans, went on an expedition from Constantine to the Iron Gate, against certain refractory tribes. Abd' el Kader, on the ground of his territory having, on this occasion, been violated by the French, fell upon their scattered forces with overwhelming numbers, and very soon reduced their dominion to the fortified towns and camps which they occupied. Even the settlements on the Metidja plain were lost; 40,000 Arabs encamping upon it, and thence pushing their advanced parties to the very gates of Algiers. This condition of affairs called for the adoption of energetic measures; and accordingly, the French army in Africa was augmented, in the course of the winter, to 60,000 men. In the mean time, several partial encounters took place between the contending parties, in most of which the Arabs were worsted. The most remarkable of these was the defence of the fort of Massagran, near Mostaganem, by its petty garrrison of 123 men, against an army of from 12,000 to 15,000 of the enemy, who attempted in vain, during four successive days, from the 2d to the 5th of February 1840, to carry the place by assault. The campaign was opened, on the part of the French, by the march, on the 25th of April, of a considerable force, to obtain possession of the towns of Medcah and Milianah, and, by so doing, to cut in two the communications of Abd' el Kader. They were victorious against all opposition; yet the permanent results of this expedition were comparatively trifling. On the retreat of the main body, the garrisons left behind, so far from being able to operate with any effect against the surrounding tribes, soon found themselves confined within the towns just mentioned, and unable to add to the means of subsistence which they already possessed. So slight was the moral impression produced by the successes of the French, that, at the very time they were gaining bloody victories at the pass of Muzaia, and elsewhere, no one was secure of his life immediately outside of the gates of Algiers. Matters continued in this condition through-submission.

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The new governor-general arrived at Algiers on the 22d of February, 1841. Under him, the army, which, in the latter period of the administration of Marshal Vallée, had already amounted to 65,000 men, was reinforced so as to become nearly 80,000 strong. The system, hitherto pursued, of a number of insulated posts, which protected nothing, was now abandoned; and the greater part of the troops were collected in the principal towns, whence they advanced in succession, and with great rapidity, in different directions. In this manner, the enemy, always kept at a distance, and his harvests and flocks in continual danger of being destroyed or carried off, was obliged to maintain, without remission, a wearisome and ruinous defensive. The renewed provisioning of Medeah and Milianah was General Bugeaud's first object in opening the campaign of 1841. Having accomplished this, he marched from Mostaganem, on the 18th of May, at the head of 11,000 men, upon Tekedemt, the principal strong-hold of Abd' el Kader, which he reached, after some fighting, on the 25th. It had been abandoned by its inhabitants, who had conveyed away with them whatever they could of their property: it was now reduced to ashes by the French, and its Casauba, or citadel, which had been constructed by the emir, was blown up. From Tekedemt, the general proceeded to Mascara, the cradle of Abd' el Kader's power, which he entered on the 30th of the month. Several of the tribes now began to waver in their fidelity to their leader, and that of the Medshers was led to signify their All the arts employed by

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