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REFLECTED VERBS.

1. Reflected verbs are used to express a state of being, or an action terminating with the doer of it; as, codlaim, I sleep; seasam, I stand.

2. Whenever duration is expressed, or understood, the circumlocution, with the verb bi, is used; as, bi me mo codlad ar fead an oidċe, I was asleep all night: ta se na seasam, he is standing. (132.)

Reflected Verbs promiscuously exemplified. Ta sinne nar gcodlad faoi sgat na gerann, An bfuil sise na suide, Ni head, act ta seisean na suide,

We are sleeping under

Car codail tu a reir?

the shade, of the trees. Is she sitting. No, but he is sitting.

Where did you sleep last
night?

Do not sleep any more.
They will be standing.
I was silent as a dumb

man.

I was living in Dublin.

Do not stand there.
I was awake long before
day.

He was awake before me;
and he awakened me,

Be silent.

I slept in Dundalk.

I was sleeping last night.

AUXILIARY

AUXILIARY VERBS.

1. The auxiliaries bi, is, or as, and tig, with their inflexions, are elegantly used to supply the place of all verbs denoting possession, want, power, necessity, or any affection of the body, or mind.

2. Bi is used with agam, orm, and uaim; is, or as, with dam, and liom; tig, with liom only; as, (133.)

Ta sgian agam,
Ni bfuil sgian agam,
Ta sgian uaim,
Ni tig liom a deanam,
Is eigin dam sgriobad,
Ta grad agam air Dhia,
Ta fuact orm,
Is liom sin fòs,

I have a knife.
I have not a knife.
I want a knife.
I cannot do it.
I must write.
I love God.
I am cold.

That is mine too.

3. Is, or as, simply denotes the object in itself; but ta always denotes it as connected with some circumstance.

Hence, is affirms simply of its object, although that object be expressed by two or more words; as, is me Domnall, I am Donald; is fuar an oidċe i, it is a cold night. But ta has a twofold object, and shews the subject and predicate distinctly from each other; ta Domnall ag an doras, Donald is at the door; ta an oidce fuar, the night is cold. (134.)

Hence also, the interrogative, of as, is an, used in enquiring after any inherent quality of the subject; as, an tu Domnall? are you Donald? is me,

I am.

But the interrogative, of bi, is bfuil, used in enquiring after any occasional quality, or circumstance; às, bfuil Domnall ag an doras? is Donald at the door? ata, he is.

4. When

4. When as, or is, ba, and bud, come in contact with vowels, they are contracted into s, b, or m;

as,

Mas (ma is) tu fear an
tige,

Bean darb (dar ba) ainm
Eblin,

Da maill (ma aill) leat
eisteaċt liom,
Bfearr (ba fearr) damsa
beit mo tost,

If you are the man of the
house.

A woman whose name
was Evelina.
If it were agreeable to
you to listen to me.
It were better for me to
be silent.

5. Ba, and bud, aspirate the following mutable consonants; as, bud mait liom, I would wish.

6. The auxiliary bi, with the preposition ann, is used to express existence; as, ta subailce ann, there is a virtue; bi duine ann, there was a man. (135.)

The construction of the auxiliary verbs promiscuously exemplified.

Are you James? I am.
Are you sick? I am.
The night is dark.
It is a dark night.
I had rather be dead.
She is a little wench.
My father has a good

horse.
Is this pen yours? it is
mine.

What is a wanting to you?

An è so do busga snaoi- Is this your snuff-box?

sin? is ead.

Nil amrus agam ann,

it is.
I have no doubt.

A ndearna

Dob i an bean a bailne She was the most beau

An raib foidigeact orra? Is sine ar matairne na bur matairse,

Did they think long? Our mother is older than yours.

Ta bur mbatsa san gcoill, Your cows are in the wood.

ADVERB.

1. The following adverbs aspirate the words that follow them thus;

Ni, niar, not, and nar? nacar? not? aspirate and prefix h to vowels;

Do, and a, to, aspirate infinitives;

Do, sign of the preter, aspirates active verbs; Ro, very, aspirates adjectives; and,

All the adverbial particles aspirate the words with

which they are compounded; as, (136)

Niar tainic aon duine No man came with him. leis,

Is còir duinn urnaig do,

or a deanam gaċ la, Do buail me an fear eile, Ta an maidin ro fuar, Ta se na duine neimglic, Ni hamluig ta,

We ought to pray every
day.

I struck the other man.
The morning is very cold.
He is a foolish man.
It is not so.

2. Nać, not, and ca? where? eclipse active verbs; and

Iar, sign of the preter participle, eclipses it; as, (137)

Nac dtig leice siubal,
Iar mbualad an dorais,
Cambionn se na comnuig?

She cannot walk.
Having struck the door.
Where does he dwell?

3. Adverbs signifying proximity, require the dative; as, ta se angar dam, he is near me. (138.)

4. The