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12. Hiflory of the Campaigns of Chriftopher Alexander Suvvaroff Ryminfk, Field Marshal General in the Service of bis Imperial Majefly the Emperor of all the Ruffias, with a preliminary Sketch of bis private Life and Character. Tranflated firm the German of Fred. Authing. 2 Vols. THE writer declares himfest intimately acquainted with his hero, and has confirmed his accounts of his glorious exploits by official documents. Suvvaroff was born 1730, and enlisted in the Ruffian army at 12. Notwithstanding his age (69), his long and laborious marches, which form an enormous aggregate of 6000 German er 20,000 English miles; notwithstanding his wounds and military toils; he preferves the gaiety of youth, is free from all corporeal weakness and infirmity, which must be attributed to the hardy habits of his life, his robuft conftitution, and rigid temperance. He rifes about four in the morning, both in winter and fummer, town and country, from a bed of hay covered with a white shirt, with a cuthion for his pillow, and his great-coat for his cover lid. He fleeps without body-linen; and in fummer he paffes day and night in a tent in his garden. He washes frequently, wears only his uniform and a clofe jacket, and feldom, except in a wintery march, wears gloves or a peliffe. After his tea-breakfast, he walks an hour, and then fits down to business, di&ating to his fecretaries, or writing his own difpatches, with fo much correctness of expreffion that he is never known to efface them. He dines from 9 to 12; and, though his table confists of 20 covers, he is a rare example of temperance. Immediately after dinner, he paffes a few hours in fleep; and fupper is not a meal with him. His principal occupation and favourite diverfion is war and its duties. Notwithstanding his severity, he is idolized by his foldiers, who are all equally the objects of his care. He ftudies the military fcience; and, though he diflikes all public entertainments, will mix with and promote the pleature of them, and even dance and play at cards, not to interrupt the etiquette of public manners. He leaves the care of his paternal eftate to others, and has no villas, plate, equipage, nor livery fervants. He is a man of moft incorrupt probity, immo. vable in his purposes, and inviolable in his promifes. Sincerely religious on principle, he takes every opportunity GENT. MAG. February, 1800,

of attending the offices of public devotion, and even gives lectures on fubjets of piety on Sundays and feftivals. "The love of his country, and the ambition to contend in arms for s gory, are the powerful and predominant emotions of his indefatig, ble life; and to them, like the antient Romans, he facrifices every other fentiment, and culties of his nature. His military ca. confecrates, without referve, all the fareer has been one long, uniform courfe of success and triumph, produced by his enterprifing courage and extraordinary pretence of mind, by his perfonal intrepidity and promptitude of execu tion, by the rapid and unparalleled movements of his, armies, and by their perfect affurance of victory in fighting under his banners. Such is the private life and character of Suvvaroff; his public actions are difplayed in a fucceeding volume." His firft campaign

was as lieutenant-colonel in the feven In forcing G tnau he received a contuyears war against the Pruffians, 1759. fion on his breaft from a rebounding musket-ball, but no mifchief enfued. In 1762 he was appointed colonel of the regiment of infantry of Afracan, which was in garrifon at Petersburg, and left there when the Emprefs went to be crowned at Mofcow. He forwarded the new manoeuvres introduced into the Ruffian fervice, and gave great fatisfaction to his Roval Miftrefs. He was advanced to the rank of brigadier, and fent to the war juft commenced against the confederates of Poland, at the most inclement season of the year; general in 1770. In his operations this and was advanced to the rank of majored in the Vistula, and received a conyear he narrowly escaped being drowntufion in his breaft from a pontoon as ceived many fhots in his cloaths at he was dragged out; and, in 1771, reLandfcron, where he failed of taking the citadel. In one of the engagements with the confederates they were headed by the French brigadier general Dumourier, fince become lo notorious from his conduct in the early campaigns of the prefent war; but he foon quitted them, and returned to France. For fhal of Lithuania, in the battle of Stahis fuccefs in defeating the Grand-marlevitz, in the end of 1771, he received from the Emprefs the order of Alexander Newfky; and the late King of Pruffia adviled the Poles never to ha

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zard a fecond contelt with Suvvaroff. In January, 1772, he fuffered himself to lofe feveral days in a fruitlefs march to Lithuania, by not attending to advice that the confederates meant to furprife Cracow. The fiege of the caftle of this place added lure to Suvvaroff, and terminated the Lithuanian confederacy. His next campaign was in the first war against the Turks, under Field-maral Romanzow, in 1773 4. After an extraordinary embarkation of the troops on the Danube, a lucky ef cape from the Spahis, who had nearly furprized him fleeping, "was the firf acquaintance that Suvvaroff made with the Turks, to whom the very name of this warrior is fince become fo formidable. The advantage which he obtain ed in this action feems to have been a

prelude to the numerous victories which

he has fince obtained over the Ottomans." A heavy piece of artillery burfting; and the lance of a Janiffary, endangered his life and wounded him. The first place which he made himfelf master of was Turtukay. Immediately after the victorv, he difpatched an account of it to Field marthal Romanzow; the ftyle of the relation is truly laconic and original, and difplays, in fome degree, the character of the writer. The following is a feeble tranflation of it: "Honour and glory to God! glory to you, Romanzow! We are in poffeffion of Turtukay, and I am in it. Suvvaroff." The Empress rewarded him with the crefs of St. George of the fecond clafs, and a letter. The Turks loft their fine flotilla of boats and artillery, and the foldiers made a confiderable booty in effects as well as in gold and filver; and, when they afterwards attended divine fervice for public thankfgiving, they prefented the priefts with roubles and pieces of geld. Suvvaroff was attacked with a violent fever, which obliged him to go to Ba chareft for the recovery of his health; but, before this was effected, he fet off again for the army, for a fecond expedition on the Danube, though ftill in fo languid a ftate that he could not walk without the fupport of two men, and his voice fo weak that it was abfolutely neceffary for an officer to be always at his fide to repeat his commands. After an obftinate refiftance on the part of the Turks, they were completely defeated, and loft their commander, Sary Mehmed Bacha, the fe"cond in command of the famous Ali

Bey, of Egypt, whom he afterwards
betrayed; a man alike diftinguished for
his courage, frength, and beauty. Suv.
varroff, flipping down the fteps of a
convent, received fuch a fhock that he
was conveyed to Bucharest, and, by the
help of a skilful phyfician, recovered his
health in a fortnight, and joined the
army in Auguft. He gave the Turks
a third defeat in a pitched battle near
Nifdrow, and took their fplendid camp;
and his fever returning, obliged him to
go home to Ruffia, and, in the mean
time, peace was concluded with the
Turks. He foon received an order to
proceed, with all poffible hafte, againft
the rebel, or, as he ufed to call him,
the robber, Puga:fchew, who had met
with one defeat, and was retiring into
a pot in the centre of a lake, whither
Suvvaroff pursued him, through bar.
ren and burning deferts. His forces
were reduced, and he was clofely pur
fued and watched. "They were al
ready upon his track, in the thickest
part of the wood, when the hermit,
many of whom are fcattered about this
country, and fupport themselves by
fishing, gave information that Pugat-
fchew had arrived there that morning,
and that fome of his own people had
bound him hand and foot, and taken
him to Uralfk."-"He had at one time
collected fuch a force, and was followed
with fuch enthufialm, that, if his un
derftanding had been equal to his cou-
rage, and his moderation had kept pace
with his power, he might certainly have
poffeffed himself of Mofcow, and made
the Imperial Catharine tremble on her
throne." He was conveyed, under the
efcort of Suvvaroff, in a large cage on
a carriage, and afterwards in a wag
gon, with his fon, a boy of 12 years of
age, who inherited, and at that early
period difplayed, the turbulent qualities
of his father, to Mofcow, where he
fuffered the punishment due to his
crimes. In 1774 Suvvaroff affisted at
the elevation of Schalim Geray to the
dignity of Khan of Crimea, who was
afterwards driven out by his prede
ceffor, and abdicated his dignity.
The Emprefs published a manifefto,
ordering all the Tartars to take the
oath of fidelity to her, with which they
complied. The whole of this cere
mony was performed with the greatest
folemnity, amidst continual difcharges
of artillery and fongs of joy. "When
the whole was concluded, a grand feaft
was given in an immenfe open place in

the

the wilds. The guests were feated on the ground, in the Tartar fashion, and diftributed in a number of imall groupes, all placed according to their rank. The dinner confifted, principally, of boiled and ro meat; 100 oxen and 800 heep were killed on the occafion; and, as the laws of the Tartars did not permit them to drink wine, but only fago. brandy, 500 eimers (32,000 pints) of that liquor were presided, and the company allowed to drink at pleafure: beides which, English porter was ferved to the chiefs, who dined at Suvvatoff's table. This party drank healths in a large cup, which was banded round the table, accompanied by continual cries of joy, and of Urrah and Allah. The other companies did the fame, and muth and happiness prevailed through the scene. Ruffians and Tartars were mingled together; and, after dinner, races were performed on all fides between the Tartars and Cffacks. Some of the Tartars died in confequence of drinking to excels, which they confidered as an honour at their great feafts. In the evening a fecond feaft was fer. ved, which continued great part of the night. A fimilar entertainment was given the following day, June 29, that of St. Peter and St. Paul, the Grand Duke's patrons, when a breakfast was given; after which, the Tartars to k leave, embracing their Ruffian brethren." The abdicated Khan, having been acknowledged by the Porte, fired up rebellion against Ruffia, and narrowly efcaped being arrelted by Suvvaroff, who defeated the revolted Nogays. Murfa Bey, chief of the Tchambaluks, was wounded in a fkirmish, but recovered. "Mechmed Bey, chief of the Godiffans, often joked with him at table, on his being ftill inclined to marry; and Suvvaruff, one day, afking him whether he was ferious, Murla Bey replied, with much fmplicity, Mechmed Bey is right;' and imme diately requested the General to make him a prefent of a beautiful Tartar girl of 16, whom he wished to marry. Suvvaroff bought a young Tartar flave of a Collack, for 100 rubles, and fent her to Murfa Bey, who accordingly married her. He lived fome years after this tranfaction, and died at the age of 108 years, having almoft reached the age of Attila, King of the Huns. He retained the use of his faculties till the laß, except that his eyes could fcarcely bear the light. He was a man

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of a ftrong complexion, almoft contently on horseback, and, notwithftanding his great age, an excellent companion. He was very much attached to cleanlinefs, but defpifed all luxury. He was faithful in his friendfhips, and the friend of the poor; and his greateft pleafure was to be their benefactor. He was a great eater, and at meals drank pure fago-brandy. His fervants took him from table and caried him to bed like a prince. Suvvaroff regard-d him with great efteem and attachment." The ci-devant Khan, Shaim Gheray, who had filed towards the left bank of the Cuban, returned, in the Spring of 1784, into the Crimea, to Woronitich, which was the place of his definition. He paffed fome years in Ruffi, and afterwards returned. The Turks received him at Choczim in a man er fuited to the dignity of a khan. He then went to Conftantinople, but was not permitted to enter the city, and was fent into banifhment at Rhodes, where he was put to death in the most perfidious manner. According to the laws of Turkey, he could not be condemned to death, the khans, and all the defcendants of Gengifkan, being exempt from all capital punishments; but it was alledged, as a pretext, that he was no longer khan, fince he had voluntarily abandoned that dignity." Suvvaroff was now named general in chief, and attended Gen. Potemkin and the Emprefs on her vifit to the Crimea, when the King of Poland met her at Kanuf, on the Dnieper, as, according to the conflitutional laws of his country, he could not país the Dni. eper. The Emperor Jofeph accompanied her to Cherfon, and frequently converfed with Suvvaroff on politicks and military affairs. Bulgakow, the Ruffian embaffador to the Porte, came to pay his court to his Imperial Miftrels, which, though a mere compliance with etiquette, gave umbrage to the Porte, which foon commenced hoftilities with a formal declaration of war. Kinburn was furiously bombarded, and the Ruffians, with Suvvaroff, repulfed in a fortie from it. The General was wounded in the left arm, which difcharged a great quantity of blood, and there was no furgeon at hand to dress it. He went to the fea-fide with an officer of the Coffacks and fome men, who washed his wound with fea-water, and bound it up with his cravat; after which he remounted his horfe, and re

turned

turned to the field of battle. Divine fervice was afterwards celebrated, and public thanks returned to God, for this fignal victory; the troops were drawin up in different detachments from the point of the peninfula to a confiderable diftance from the town. They accom. panied the Te Deum with three difcharges of mufketry and heavy artillery; the greater part of the wounded foldiers infifted on being admitted into the ranks on this occafion; and Suvvaroff enjoyed this glorious fpectacle from the ramparts of the town. As the front of the line prefented itfelf towards Oczakow, great numbers of Turks were feen running to the fhore on hearing the thunder of the cannonade which celebrated their defeat. Suvvaroff received the command of the fleet on the Black Sea; the Turkish fleet fuftained an immenfe lofs from that of the Prince of Naffau, and at length returned to Conftantinople. Siege was now laid to Oczakow, and Suvvaroff received a ball in the nape of his neck, and his horfe died as a foldier was taking-off his faddle; and, by the blowing-up of the magazine at Kinburn, he received feveral wounds. Oczakow was taken by affault, after four months regular at tack. Sultan Selim afcented the Turkifh throne, and augmented his army; but he tuffered a great defeat, in the battle of Forham, from Suvveroff and the Prince of Cobourg, and in a fecond battle at Rymnik, for which Suvvaroff was created a cornet of Ruffia and the Empire, and received letters from the Emperor Jofeph and the Emprefs of Ruffia. Bender and Belgrade furren dered on this laft defeat. Suvvaroff engaged in a friendly intercourfe with the Serafkier of Brahilow, and fettled articles for preventing the effufion of blood between the two armies; but in furmountable obftacles prevented the execution of this plan; and, had Haffan Bacha lived, it is prefumed peace would have taken place. His fucceffor as grand vizier, Juffuf Bacha, craffed the Danube; but the junction of Cobourg and Suvvaroff reduced him to a dilem. ma from which nothing but the armiftice agreed upon at Reichenburg could extricate him; and, after it expired, Cobourg was recalled by his new mafter, the Emperor Leopold, to his new command in Hungary. Suvvaroff was therefore left alone to lay fiege to 1f mail, which, for that time, he was, by the advanced fate of the feafon and

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bad weather, obliged to raife. He foon after received orders to recommence it. He told his foldiers that the Ruffian army had twice laid fiege to Ifmail, and twice retired from it; the third time, nothing remained for them but to con quer or to die with glory. They leconded his refolution, and the place was defended with equal fpirit by an ola, experienced ferafkier. It was ta ken in a general affault by land and water, and the garrifon furrendered, when a conteft for the rich poniard of the Turkish commander brought on a general matfacre of the prisoners, and him among the reft. In this one dreadful day the Ottomans loft, by the fuperiority of the Ruffian arms, although their numbers were far infe rior, 33,000 men killed or dangerously wounded, and about 10,000 officers and foldiers taken prifoners 6000 wo men and children, 2000 Chriftians of Moldavia and Armenia, and about 500 Jews, muft be added to the number. On the part of the Ruffians, the lofs, according to the fficial report, confift ed of 1850 killed and 2500 wounded. To prevent this unexampled heap of dead bodies from occafioning epidemical diforders and the plague, the 10,000 prifoners were employed in carrying off the bodies of their countrymen, and of their hofes, and, as pits could not be dug quick enough in the frozen earth, they were all thrown into the Danube, and the whole bufinefs was completed in fix days. The Ruffians buried their own dead without the city, and the of ficers in the cemetery. Of fo large a garrifon as that of Ifmail, only one man efcaped; being flightly wounded and falling into the Danube, he got to the other fide on a plank, and carried to the Grand Vizier the first news of the lofs of the town. tured there were of great magnit de and importance, and the foldiers made a confiderable booty, befides ammuni tion and military ftores, corn and pro vifions, and 10,000 horfes and rich trappings, 345 ftandards, almoft all ftained with blood, of which two were Sainjack great banners of the fovereigns of Bender and Ifmail, of which there are but five in the Ottoman empire, the fuperb and unique great banner of the khar of the Tartars, and feven rich burfchuks, or horfes' tails. The total value of the riches found in Ifmail was eftimated at 10 millions of piaftres. Suvvaroff took not even a hotle. Sa

The riches cap.

tisfied

tisfied with the glory he had gained there, he departed from Ifmail as he came thither, nor did he even open a letter brought him from the Emperor Leopold just before the affault, announcing his compliments to him on coronation. Though the king of Sweden had the preceding year figned a treaty of peace with Ruffia, the war with the Turks having been terminated, the min fters of foreign powers endeavoured to flimulate Sweden to a rupture with Ruffia; but they did not fucceed. S. was appointed to the command of the troops in Finland, and put the province in a state of defence, Peace was concluded with the Turks, in Dec. 1791, by Count Bfbore do, at Jiffy, near which Prince Poremkin died a few months before. The Porte ceded to Ruffia the important town of Oczackow, and all its diftri& to the Dnieper; a lofs feverely felt by the Grand Seigner, who flered himf-lf with the hope of retaking the Crimes. S. received the command of the troops on the frontier of Turkey, and fet out for Chen, whe e he enjoyed repofe from 1792 to 1794, no politien event Calling him forth to fignalize himfelt by military exploits,

After the Push conf-deration of May 3, 1791, a fecond ook place at Grodno under the protection of the Emprefs of Ruffia and the King of Pruffia. In April, 1793, at the clofe of this congrets, the Polish troops difperfed over the Ukraine entered into the fervice of Ruffia under various Ruffian commanders. At first they behaved themselves peaceably; but when the infurrection of Poland broke out at Cracow, and Warfaw became the theatre of fo many bloody fcenes, their fatal influence fpeedily manifefted itself, and a mutiny broke out among them in the beginning of April, 1794. Suvvaroff was fent againft them in May, and executed his commiffion by difarming them. After Various engagements with the Polish infurgents, he gave them a complete defeat in Sept. 1794; when of 10,000 men, 300 at mot efeaped, with 500 prifoners. The battle of Matfchewry, in which Kofcioufko was taken, and the furrender of Warfaw, afterwards followed, The Poles had loft 13,000 men in the attack of the fuburbs of Praga, above 2000 drowned in the Viftula, and 14,680 were taken prifoners, of whom 8000 were immedi

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ately fet at liberty, and the remainder next day. The king and the magiftrates of Warfaw propofed a capitulation, which was accepted on better terms than they could have expected, a complete amnefly and the refloration of the king. "Gen. Ifinief condueled the deputies to S. who was feated before his tent: but perceiving them much embarraffed on approaching him, he forang from his feat, threw his fabre at his feet, and, crying in the Polish language, pakoi (peace), ran up to them, embraced them, brought them into his tent, and feated them on the ground by his fide. They burst into tears, expreffing by by this mute eloquence, which was far more expreffive than words, all the fentiments of joy, gratitude, and admiration, with which they were affected. S. entertained them with kindnefs, ordered them fome refreshment, and requested the determination of the magiftrates 10 24 hours." Their anfwer appearing evafive, S. propofed fome fricter fupplementary articles. In the night of O. 26, there was a great tumult at Warfaw, and an attemp to carry off the king, which the mag hates oppofed in a body; and the king himfel creared delays about his entry into the city. At length came a letter under feal from the king, with an unlimited power to the bearer of it to treat of peace. The general was much concerned to observe to mamy delays and contradictions, and anfwered in few words, "We are not at war with Poland. Her Imperial Majefty did not fend me hither as a minifter, but as general in chief, to annihilate the army of the infurgents. I fhail not enter into any fubjects foreign to my duty." And when he was advifed to detain Count Potocki, who was one of the princial leaders of the revolution, as a holtage for the Ruffian prifoners, he rejected the idea, faying, "Why should we detain an hoft? All the prifoners will be fet at liberty without it; befides, it would be a crime to betray the confidence of an enemy, who is come to negotiate on the faith of an armistice." The Ruffians made their entry, followed by S. furrounded with his adjutants and of ficers. He wore the uniform of an of ficer of cavalry, without the leaft decoration, and was followed by the regiment of Cherfon, with a numerous band of military mufick. He was re

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