Cod. A. D. 381. laid up, and other holy places; and these guardians or keepers enjoyed the personal exemptions of the Clergy. We Theod. xvi. have a famous law of Theodosius to this purpose, bearing Tit.ii.1.26. date the last day of March 381, and addressed to the Count thof.ad loc. of the East; which address gives us reason to believe that the holy places, of which it speaks, are those of Jerusalem and other parts of Palestine. and Go X. Council of Tom. ii. [Mansi. iii. Gest. Conc. ap. Am bros. § 7. Immediately after the Council of Constantinople, that of Aquileia. Aquileia was held in the West, which had been called by order of the Emperor Gratian, as early as the beginning of the year 379. We find there but thirty-two, or thirty-three Bishops, and most of them of Italy; but the rest of the provinces except Spain, sent deputies thither, so that all the West were partakers in it. The Bishops of the East were permitted to come to it, but they were of opinion that they ought not. In it St. Valerian of Aquileia held the first place, probably on account of his age, and because the Council was held in Ibid. § 54, his city; but St. Ambrose had the management of every thing, as being Metropolitan of that district, which was under the Vicariates of Italy, of which Milan was the capital. He finished about the time of this Council his work concerning the Holy Ghost, which the Emperor Gratian had desired him to write three years before. For at the beginning of it, he takes notice of the death of Athanaric king of the &c. Tom. ii. p. 599. Prolog. $17. Constantine released the Clergy from the burdensome municipal offices (Euseb. x. 7. Cod. Theod. xvi. 2. 1. A. D. 313, and 2. A. D. 319); an immunity enjoyed once by the pagan Priests, and allowed generally to the Jews, till by the third law in Cod. Theod. xvi. 8. A. D. 321, it was restricted to a few among them. The Clergy and Church lands were, besides, freed from the extraordinary and from the so-called sordid imposts (e. g. supplying timber, coal, &c.) Cod. Theod. xi. 16. 15. A. D. 382. Ibid. 18. A. D. 390. Ibid. 21. and 22. A. D. 397; from entertaining the Court, Judges, &c. on their journeys, Cod. vii. 8. xvi. 2. 8. A. D. 313; from supplying carriages, &c. to convey the Emperor's corn, &c., Cod. viii. 5. xi. 16. 15. A. D. 382. xvi. 2. 40. A. D. 412; and from the tax paid every four years for permission to trade, Cod xvi. 2. 8. A. D. 343. xiii. 1. 1. A. D. 357. xvi. 2. 15. A. D. 360. xiii. 1. 11. A. D. 379. See Bingham, v. 3. &c. r Palladius and Secundianus, who alone maintained Arianism in the West, complained to Gratian that they were called Arians, and begged him to assemble a General Council, particularly that he would summon the Eastern Bishops. St. Ambrose represented the unreasonableness of troubling all the Bishops for the sake of two heretics, and Gratian dispensed with the attendance of such as had reasonable grounds for absenting themselves. St. Ambr. Ep. 12. § 3. 10. § 2. Script. Imp. in Gest. Concil. Aq. § 4. A civil officer. The authority of the Prætorian Præfect of Italy extended over the three Dioceses of Africa, Italy (i. e. Lombardy and Istria), and Rome (i. e. the islands, and Italy south of the Arno), each of which was governed by a Vicar. Vid. Pancir. ap. Græv. Th. vii. pp. 1791. 1894. 1905. Goths', which happened on the 25th of January, 381, and A. D. 381. mentions Damasus, Peter, and Gregory, as Bishops of Rome, Ibid. § 18. Alexandria, and Constantinople; which shews that he was not yet informed of the death of Peter, nor of the resignation of Gregory. This work is divided into three books, and in it St. Ambrose proves, in opposition to the Arians and Macedonians, that the Holy Ghost is God, equal with the Father and the Son, and of the same substance; that He spake by the Prophets; and whatever else had been proved by the other Catholic doctors; such as Didymus", St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory Nazianzen, and St. Gregory of Nyssa, of whose proofs and thoughts he makes a very judicious use, in order to make them known to the Western Church. After St. Ambrose, we find in the Council of Aquileia, Aneminius, whom he had lately caused to be elected Bishop of Sirmium, the capital of the Western Illyricum; Constantius of Sciscia in the same Gest. § 61. province, and Felix of Jadera, on the borders of Dalmatia. The deputies from Gaul, were St. Justus of Lyons, Constantius of Orange, Proculus of Marseilles; and for the Alps, Theodorus of Octodurum in Valais, Domninus of Grenoble, and Amantius of Nice. St. Justus of Lyons is thought to be the same person to whom two letters of St. Ambrose are Epist 7 & 8. addressed, concerning certain questions of Scripture. At his return from this Council, St. Justus quitted his Church, and Vita ap. retired into the solitudes of Egypt, where he lived some years Sept. 2. with a young Reader, named Viator, who had followed him. Tom.v. p. 7. After their death their bodies were brought back to Lyons on the 2d of September, the same day on which the Church Martyr. still honors the memory of St. Justus. We find Constantius Bishop of Orange present at several Councils, as well as Pro- St. Jerome, culus of Marseilles, whom St. Jerome styles, Most holy and The Visigoths (of whom Athanaric was king) had been allowed by the Romans to settle to the south of the Danube. After many serious quarrels with the Romans, they had now come to terms with Theodosius. u Didymus was head of the catechetical school at Alexandria. His book On the Holy Ghost is extant in a Latin translation by St. Jerome, tom. iv. p. 493. He died A. D. 395. * While the Arian Empress, Justina, was at Sirmium (379) there was an election to the Bishopric of that See, in which Photinus and his successor Germinius an Arian had done much harm; and St. Ambrose quitted his own Diocese (see note x, p. 16), and succeeded in making Aneminius Bishop of the vacant See. Hence, especially, Justina's enmity to St. Ambrose, of which see below, ch. 41. Paulin. Vit. § 11. 62. Surium, Rom. p. 398. 4.10. [Ep. 95. tom.4.p.777. Bened.] A. D. 381. most learned Pontiff, and he exhorts the Monk Rusticus to improve by his instructions. tom. 2. p. 245. 1 Martyrol. Jul. 18. p. 318. 2 Epist. S. Ambr. iv. ad Felic. [3 Laus ron. i. ii. iii. [v. xxxiv. xxxv. Ben.] 5 Martyrol. Jan. 19. Jul. 3. The Bishops of Africa deputed to the Council of Aquileia, were Felix and Numidius. No one came thither from the Bishop of Rome, or from all that part of Italy which was particularly under his jurisdiction, that is the Vicariate of Rome. From the other parts of Italy there came thither Eusebius of Bologna, whose zeal for forming and directing DeVirginit. communities of virgins is commended by St. Ambrose; C.xx. $129. Limenius of Vercellæ, the successor of St. Eusebius; Sabinus of Placentia, to whom several of St. Ambrose's letters are addressed; Abundantius of Trent; Philastrius' of Brixia, famous for his holy life, and his book on Heresies; Maximus of Emona in Istria; Bassianus' of Lodi3, a friend of St. Ambrose; Heliodorus of Altinum, known by his friendPompeia.] ship with- St. Jerome; Eventius of Ticinum or Pavia, called Epist. Hie- also Juventius; these three last are reckoned among the Saints: Exuperantius of Tortona, the disciple of St. Eusebius of Vercellæ, and a confessor; and Diogenes of Genoa. There are some others mentioned, without any notice of their Sees, or even of their being Bishops. We find there also ["Dertona.] the Priest Chromatius', St. Jerome's friend, and afterwards "Epist. Hieron. xliii. Bishop of Aquileia. These are the persons who were present at [vii.Bened.] this Council; being almost all honored by the Church as Epist. Ambr. x. Saints. On the Arian side there came thither only Palladius and Secundianus, Bishops, and a Priest named Attalus, the disciple of Valens, Bishop of Pettaw in Illyricum; this Valens at that time concealed himself at Milan. On the first of September the Bishops assembled in the church of Aquileia, Gest. Conc. being pressed to it by the Arians, who came thither even ap. Amb. before the time appointed. To go back to the original of the p.789.C.D. dispute, the Bishops caused Arius' letter to St. Alexander of [Preserved Alexandria to be read, and were for obliging the Arians to conAthan. de demn the blasphemies contained therein; which they constantly Arim. et refused, without, however, owning themselves to be Arians. P. 2 p. 729. After having disputed a long time without making any proand Epiph. Hæres. 69. gress, it was agreed, in order to condemn them in a legal manner, to draw up certain acts, which they caused to be Feb. 8. §. 2. [ Petavio.] tom. ii. ap. S. Synod. Sel. tom. i. $7.] y See note s, p. 24. z The Council began and ended on the fifth, or more probably the third, (see next chapter,) of September. taken down by notes as they were delivered; and those acts A. D. 381. began as follows. Acts of the Under the Consulate of Syagrius and Eucherius, on the XI. 3rd of the nones of September, i. e. the 3rd of that month, in Council of the year 381, in the church, the Bishops being seated, viz. Aquileia. Valerian, Ambrose, Eusebius, and the rest who have been named, Ambrose the Bishop said: "We have spoken a great "while without any acts, but since Palladius and Secundianus "offend our ears with so many blasphemies as are hardly credible, and lest they should have recourse to some artifice "to deny hereafter what they have said; though the testi66 mony of so many Bishops cannot be doubted; it is proper "to have acts made. Ye are therefore to declare, holy "Bishops, whether you agree to it." All the Bishops said: "We agree to it." Afterwards St. Ambrose caused a Deacon named Sabinianus to read the Emperor's letter for convening the Council. Then St. Ambrose said, "This is what the "Emperor hath ordered; he would not wrong the Bishops, "he hath declared them interpreters of the Scripture, and "judges of this controversy. Since then we are assembled in "Council, answer what is proposed to you. Arius' letter “hath been read; it shall be read again if you desire it; "from the very beginning it contains blasphemies, saying "that the Father only is eternal. If you believe that the Son "of God is not eternal, prove it if you are able; if you "believe that this proposition ought to be condemned, then "condemn it. The Gospel is before us, and St. Paul and all "the Scriptures; prove by any passage whatsoever that the "Son of God is not eternal.” Palladius said: "You have so ordered it that the Council "should not be general, as appears by the Emperor's letter "which you have produced; and we cannot answer in the "absence of our brethren." St. Ambrose said; "Who are "your brethren?" "The Bishops of the East," said Palladius. St. Ambrose said: "However since in times past the usage "of Councils has been, that the Eastern Bishops hold theirs "in the East, and those of the West in the West; we who are "in the West, are assembled at Aquileia according to the "Emperor's order: besides, the Præfect of Italy hath declared "by his letters that those of the East might come hither if A. D. 381. "they pleased; but they, knowing the custom which I “have mentioned, would not come." Palladius said: “Our XII. Eternity of God. "ordered it," said St. Ambrose, "as not to forbid it." Palladius said: "It is by your solicitations that you have "hindered them from coming, on a false pretence, and you "have kept away the Council." 66 St. Ambrose said: "We must not wander any longer; the Son of "answer directly. Was Arius right in saying, that the Father only is eternal? Is what he said according to the Scrip"tures or not?" Palladius said: "I do not answer you." Constantius Bishop of Orange said: "Do you not answer "after having blasphemed so long?" (This must be understood of the former dispute before the acts were written.) Eusebius of Bologna added: "You ought to declare your "faith plainly. If a Pagan should ask you, how you believe "in JESUS CHRIST, you ought not to be ashamed to confess "it." Sabinus Bishop of Placentia said: "It is yourselves "who urged us to assemble at this time, without staying for "the rest of our brethren who might have come; therefore "you are not at liberty to go back. Do you say that Christ "is a created Being, or that the Son of God is eternal?" Palladius said: "We told you that we would come to "prove you blameworthy for imposing upon the Emperor." St. Ambrose said: "Let Palladius' letter be read, in order "to see whether he mentioned this to us; and we shall find "that he still deceives us." Palladius said: "Yes, let it be "read." The Bishops said to him: "When the Emperor was "at Sirmium, did you solicit him for a Council, or was it he "that pressed you?" Palladius replied: "He said to me, "Go.' We said to him, 'Are the Bishops of the East "summoned ?" They are,' said he. If those of the East "had not been summoned should we have come ?" $ 11. St. Ambrose said: "Let us say no more of the Eastern "Bishops: I now ask your opinion. Arius' letter hath been "read; you say that you are not an Arian; therefore either "condemn Arius, or defend him." Palladius debated again upon the absence of the Eastern Bishops, and St. Ambrose $ 12. added: "It was you yourself who urged us to assemble at |