William was struck by George.

Does the sentence mean the same as before?

Is the actor the same? Is the receiver of the action the same? Now, will the same pronouns represent George and William as before? Which is the subject now, the actor, or the receiver of the action?

Then

When the object becomes the subject, its case is changed.

What was the verb when the actor was the subject? What is it now? Then

The verb changes its form when the object becomes the subject.

When the actor is the subject, the form of the verb is called the Active voice.

When the receiver of the action is the subject, the form is called the Passive voice.

Can intransitive verbs have a passive voice? Ans. -No; because they have no object, or receiver of the action.

Point out the transitive and the intransitive verbs in the following examples :

Change the sentences containing the Transitive verbs, thus:

The committee visited the school.

The school was visited by the committee.

Tell, of each sentence, whether it is in the active or the passive voice.

EXERCISE FOR THE SLATE. Fill the following blanks, and tell whether the verbs inserted are transitive or intransitive:—

Write six sentences-two having transitive verbs in the Active voice, two in the Passive voice, and two with intransitive verbs.

Is anything asserted or declared in this example? Put in a word to declare that the boy is actually playing.

What word have you inserted? Ans. — “Is." Now fill the blank so as to assert, not that he is actually playing, but that he may, perhaps, be playing.

Then the verb changes its form, when the action which is asserted is not real, or actual.

Tell which of the following verbs assert an action as actually taking place :

The rain is falling.

The wind may blow.

The dog is barking at the cat.
The borse can draw the wagon.

Arthur must study Geography.

When a verb asserts an action as actually taking place, it is in the Indicative mode.

When it asserts what may, can, or must take place, it is in the Potential mode.

Tell the mode of the verbs above.

Jane will come, if it does not rain.

Is it certain that Jane will come?

On what condition will she come? Ans. On the condition that it does not rain.

When a verb, as "does rain," asserts a condition for another event, it is in the Subjunctive mode.

Fill the following blanks with verbs that show a condition for the preceding events:

I will play with Charles, if mother
You can learn this lesson, if you

me.

What is the mode of each verb which you insert?

Edward, bring me your slate.

What is Edward commanded to do? Ans. -- To bring his slate.

When a verb asserts a command, or an entreaty, it is in the Imperative mode.

"To walk in the garden."

Is anything asserted here?

Does "to walk" express action?

The verb with "to" placed before it, is said to be in the Infinitive mode. It does not assert anything.

Tell the mode of the following verbs:—

The boy may catch a fish.

The tree is broken by the wind.

Come, Edmund, play with me.

I will go, if you will explain my lesson.

The leaves begin to fall.

Which are transitive? Which are intransitive? Which are in the active voice? Which in the passive?

LESSON XXI.

Fill the following blank with a word to declare what Maria does now:

Maria

studying her lesson now.

What kind of word have you inserted?

Can there

be a sentence without a verb? What other form could you give to the predicate so as to use but one word instead of "is studying ?" [See Lesson IX.]

Now fill the blank with a word to declare what

Maria did yesterday :—

Maria

studying her lesson yesterday.

What word have you now inserted? Is it the same word as before? Why do you use a different word in this case? Ans.-Because the time of the action is changed from now to yesterday. Then

The verb changes when the time of the action changes.

Make the same change of time, and express the predicate in one word.

What is the verb ?

Now fill the blank so as to declare what Maria will do to-morrow:

Maria

studying her lesson to-morrow.

What words have you inserted now? Are they different from the preceding? Why have you changed the verb ?

When a verb shows what is taking place now, or at the time of speaking, it denotes present time, and is in the Present tense.

When it shows what took place in past time, it is in the Past tense.

When it shows what will take place in future time, it is in the Future tense.

In what tense is "is studying," or "studies"?
In what tense is "was studying," or "studied"?