be paffed over by botanifts not accuftomed to thefe plants, and that circumftance, added to its rarity, will fatisfactorily account for its having remained fo long unnoticed. The preceding is the fpecies with which it has the clofcft affinity; but this affinity exifts chiefly in general habit; for both their colour, the shape of their capfules, and their ramification are very diffimilar. There is no other Fucus for which it can well be mistaken." Vol. 11. p. 365.

We could have wished that these defcriptions had beenaccompanied by plates, an aid fo abfolutely neceffary to the illuftration of the habits and diftinctive characters of plants. The author appears to have been deterred from this plan by the fear of expence; and only confoles himfelf and his reader with the confideration that the English Botany will in time contain a complete collection of English Plants. He feems, however, to meditate a more extenfive work on the fubject of Fuci, to which he will probably think it expedient to add a collection of plates. The prefent work, as a general view of the British Fuci, has confiderable merit.

ART. V. Obfervations on the prefent State of the Highlands of Scotland; with a View of the Caufes and probable Confe quences of Emigration. By the Earl of Selkirk. 8vo. 223 pp. 6s. Longman, &c. 1805.

IT

T is with great pleasure that we have lately obferved the fcience of political economy cultivated by men of high rank and confiderable influence; and we know not any part of the British empire which claims the application of that fcience, or the exertion of that influence, in a greater degree than the Highlands of Scotland. Interesting from the peculiarity of its fituation, from the manners and character of its inhabitants, and its utility as a nursery for soldiers, the state of that diftrict has of late caufed great uneafiness, not only to the proprietors of eftates there, but to most well-wifhers to the profperity of the British empire.

The annual emigration of fo many of our fellow-fubjects from regions peopled by a hardy, intrepid, and honest peasantry, if it furnishes not a juft caufe of alarm, must naturally be a fubject of a deep regret, which can fcarcely be difpelled by the moft ingenious and plaufible arguments. Yet the noble author before us has, by fhowing this partial evil to arife from faufes productive of general good, done much to reconcile.

us to a state of things which no legislative provisions, nor indeed any efforts feem likely to alter. In an able and perfpicuous manner Lord S. traces the changes that have gradually taken place in the condition of the Highlanders, ftating the independence of the chieftains in former times, the internal ftate of the country arifing from that circumftance (in which the respective conditions of the tenants and cotters, or cottagers, on the eftates of the lord are minutely defcribed) the change in the policy of the Highland proprietors fubfequent to the rebellion in 1745, and the confequences of this change on population, through the prevalence of pafturage, sheepfarming, and engroffing of farms. He then defcribes the fituation and circumftances of the old tenantry, and shows that, when, in confequence of the above changes, they are difpoffeffed of their farms, their only resources are, employment in the manufacturing towns in the low country, or emigration. Of thefe alternatives, he confiders emigration as far the most likely to fuit the inclination and habits of the Highlanders; for, though it requires a great momentary effort, it holds out a speedy profpect of a fituation and mode of life fimilar to that in which they have been educated.

On these grounds he argues, that emigration arises from radical and peculiar caufes in the circumftances of the coun try. He then traces its political effects.

The Highlands have been hitherto a nursery of foldiers; but the circumstances on which this depended no longer exift: the power of the Chieftains over their followers refted on the effential bafis of the low rent of their land; confequently, when the rents were raised, that power was diminifhed or loft; and the people no longer confidered themfelves as dependants on their chief, and would no longer enlift at his call. Independently, therefore, of depopulation, that nursery of foldiers which has hitherto been found in the Highlands cannot continue.. Thus he endeavours to show, that the lofs of this national advantage does not arife from emigration.

The author next undertakes to prove, that the emigrations of the Highlanders are intimately connected with the progrefs of national profperity, and that they are not detrimen tal either to manufactures or agriculture.

"Emigration," he argues, "is a part of the general change (in the Highlands :) 'it is one refult, and cannot, in fair reasoning, be abstracted from the other concomitant effects. If the national profperity is effentially promoted by the caufes from which emigration neceffarily enfues, this their effect cannot be confidered as pernicious."

This argument is purfued at confiderable length, and accompanied with apt illuftrations. The means that have been propofed for preferving the population of the Highlands are next examined. They are "the improvement of wafte lands,, fisheries, and manufactures." The noble author infifts at fome length, and indeed with very forcible reasoning, that thefe (though useful in fome points of view) cannot obviate the neceffity of emigration. He next fhows, from the returns of the population of fome Highland diftricts, that emigration has no permanent effect on population: he thinks, that legal reftrictions would be ufelefs and dangerous; and that, owing to the difcontents which have arifen in the Highlands, emigration is ufeful in preferving the public peace. He alfo combats the prejudices of the Highland proprietors against emigration, fhowing the mistakes from which (in his opinion) they arife. Some objections are also stated to the conduct (though juftice is done to the motives) of the Highland Society, and to the Emigrant Regulation Bill; a law, which, according to the author's reprefentation of it, would not appear to have been very politic, or even juft.

The above difcuffions lead to a very important, and indeed principal object of this work; which is to prove that, intead of ineffectual attempts to prevent emigration, measures. fhould be taken to divert it from the territories of the United States to our own colonies. The encouragements that may be expedient for this purpofe, the noble author afferts will not increase the fpirit of emigration. The fuggeftions of this public fpirited writer, it is but juft to add, do not rest on theory alone. He has, with a laudable zeal, illuftrated his doctrines by his practice, having fuccefsfully established a fettlement of Highland emigrants on Prince Edward's Ifland, in the gulf of St. Lawrence; an interefting account of which fettlement concludes the principal work; to which an appendix is fubjoined, containing much valuable infor

mation.

Having thus given an outline of this important treatise, we fcarcely need to add, that although we are not prepared to accede to every opinion expreffed by the noble writer, yet the fubject which he treats, the practical knowledge which he has acquired, and the ability with which his fuggeftions are enforced, claim the most attentive confideration from those who are peculiarly interested in the ftate of the Highlands, and likely to influence the future condition of that part of the kingdom.

ART.

ART, VI. Military Memoirs, relating to Campaigns, Battles, and Stratagems of War, ancient and modern; extracted from the beft Authorities; with Occafional Remarks. By the Author of the Continuation of Principal Watfon's Hiftory of Philip II. and III. of Spain; Tranflator of Cunningham's MS. Hiftory of Great Britain, in Latin, from the Time of Cromwell to the Acceffion of George I. &c. &c. The Second Edition, Revifed and Enlarged, By James Glenie, Efq. A. M. Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, &c. &c. c. Recommended, by Defire of his Royal Highness the Duke of York, to the Volunteer Corps and Military Schools, 8vo. 10s. 6d. Johnfon, &c, 1805.

HE Editor, in his advertisement to this fecond edition, obferves, that prejudices are entertained against his work, because it was not compiled by one of the military profeffion. The complaint is unreafonable enough, for there feems to be no argument against any accomplished and ftudious individual, having the tafte to enjoy, and the fagacity to felect, the most memorable military incidents and ftratagems as well of ancient as of modern times.

The objection, however, fuch as it is, has been obviated two ways. The work has paffed to a fecond edition, a fufficient proof that it has met with an adequate fhare of public approbation; and the author avows having confulted as his guide and affiftant, General Miranda, a foldier of great military experience, a man alfo of great and various talents.

The work is divided into the following feveral parts. The first difcuffes various battles and ftratagems of war, before the invention of gnnpowder. The fecond treats on the fame fubjects, after the invention of that deftructive ingredient. The third part is on the fubject of war, fince the introduction of the Pruffian tactics. The fourth is on the American war; and the laft, which of courfe will be perused with the greatest intereft, is employed on the detail of the late ten years war of France against almost all Europe. It is from this laft that we fhall take our fpecimen of the fpirit with which the author has executed his undertaking.

"Battle between the Auftrians, commanded by General Wurmfer, and the French, under Buonaparte, Auguft, 1796, at Brefcia.

"Buonaparte, having, with a fortunate boldness, penetrated through Piedmont, entered Lombardy, and paffed the Po, the Adda, and the Mincio, laid fiege to Mantua; the poffeffion of which would render him the undifputed mafter of Italy. The

garrifon

garrifon made feveral vigorous fallies, but Buonaparte, who had by this time collected, from the many trong towns he had taken, a numerous and formidable artillery, gave no refpite to the be fieged, and conftantly repelled them. He erected batteries for the firing of red-hot balls, and feveral parts of the city were in ames but the governor was refolved to hold out to the laft extremity, and refused to liften to the fummons of furrender,

"The paffes into the Tyrol were guarded by works extending from the lake of Garda to the river Adige.. Here the im perial General Wurmfer pofted himfelf: but the French generals, Maffena and Joubert, at the head of a felect body, broke into his lines, by turning his right and left. They feized his baggage and ftanding camp, and forced him to retreat with the utmost precipitation. This happened towards the clofe of June.

Powerful reinforcements having joined Marthal Wurmfer, fince the check he had received at the paffage into the Tyrol, he was refolved to repair this by raifing the fiege of Mantua; by effecting which, he would at once undo all that had been done by Buonaparte. Animated with this hope, he affailed the French, at Salo, on the western fide of the lake of Garda, and at Corona on the east. He difloged them, on the 29th of July, from both thefe pofitions. Thofe at Salo retired to Peschiera, and those at Corona to the city of Verona. In confequence of the capture of Salo, on the one fide of the lake, and Verona, which the French were obliged to abandon, he made himself master also of Brescia, and was moving, with the divifion under his command, towards Buonaparte, while the other advanced with all expedition to place the French between two fires.

"Buonaparte, perceiving the danger of his fituation, and con fcious that his strength was not equal to an encounter with the Auftrian general's united divifions, determined to attack them fingly, before they could form a junction. This, indeed, feemed the only expedient left to extricate him from the prefent danger. It was not, however, without the deepeft concern, that he faw himfelf reduced to the neceffity of abandoning the ficge of Mantua, now almost destitute of provifions, and on the point of furrendering.

"He raised it on the 30th of July, and, in purfuit of his plan, marched with all expedition to Brefcia, where he joined the divifions of his army. They had gained feveral advantages over the Auftrians, particularly at Lonado, a town which thefe had feized, but from which they were expelled, after being completely defeated in an engagement, the laft of July, wherein they Joft great numbers.

From Brefcia, when the Auftrians were again totally routed, on the 1st of Auguft, they withdrew, in diforder, towards the Tyrol, where they took refuge in the mountains. Marshal Wurmfer, apprifed of the ill fortune that had attended his other

divifion,