there is a great division of opinion, an appeal lies from the pope to a future general council.

In 1788, certain questions on the power of the pope, in temporal concerns, were sent by the desire of Mr. Pitt to several foreign universities, for their opinions upon them. We shall transcribe, in the Appendix, these questions, and the answers given to them by the universities.

Such are the Transalpine, and such the Cisalpine opinions, respecting the power of the pope; each, you must be sensible, recedes far from the extreme opinions, which the ending links of my supposed chain of opinion represent. Both are tolerated by the roman-catholic-church, but neither speaks its faith this, as I have mentioned, is contained in the canon of the council of Florence, which I have cited. All the doctrine of that canon on the point in question, and nothing but that doctrine, is propounded by the roman-catholic church to be believed by the faithful:-with this doctrine, but with this doctrine only, and the consequences justly deducible from it, are the roman-catholics answerable.

x. 6.

4.- Remarks on Doctor Southey's Crimination of the Roman-catholic Church, in consequence of the alleged intemperate Expressions of some of her Writers on the Pope's Authority.

HITHERTO I have addressed you on the supposition, that the doctrines and sayings, with which you vituperate us, are to be found in respectable writers, and are fairly represented. You cite no author; you produce no document to prove your assertions. You must be aware how much this increases the difficulty of the defence which your work imposes upon us; you must, therefore, excuse me for expressing a doubt, whether any of the expressions are used by any roman-catholic writers in the sense which you put upon them; and whether they have ever been used by any author, whose character is such, as confers importance on his words.

You say, that the appellation of GOD has sometimes been applied to the pope. I admit it; but are you to learn, that, in the Bible, kings, princes, and magistrates are styled gods? not as divinities, or as partakers of the divine nature, but as persons eminently exalted, and exercising, by delegation, the power, justice or mercy, or some other attribute of the divinity. How often do the christian emperors mention, nostra divinitas, nostra perennitas,

nostra æternitas, nostræ divinæ vocis oraculum, nostra divina sancita,—our divinity, our eternity, the oracle of our divine voice, our divine laws? Read Selden's Titles of Honor *; read your own Calvin's Commentary on the Passages in the Psalms, in which David is called "son of God," Solomon is called "God," and judges are called " gods." He shows, that the word "God" is used in all these cases, not as an attribution of divinity to the persons to whom it is applied, but as describing their supereminent dignity. That, in some instances, this expression has been used in the secondary sense I have mentioned, and generally in bad taste, I willingly concede; in fact, many of the epithets, by which monarchs and other illustrious persons are described, will not bear the test of criticism: you know how Erasmus laughs at them in the Encomium Moria. I am very willing to join

you in his laugh at them; but I am somewhat surprised to see you thus treat the matter seriously. To treat it thus, became Foulis, the author of the "History of Romish Treasons," that great arsenal of anti-catholie ribaldry, who probably supplied you with the observation; but surely, to make it a subject of solemn words was quite unworthy of you. I defy you to produce one instance, in which the word "God," used potentialiter to indicate the Supreme Being, has been applied by any catholic writer to the pope; or an instance, in which, used in any

The first part, c. v. s. 3..

sense, any pope has accepted it, or applied it to himself. Then why is this odious, this invidious, this disgusting charge brought forward against us?

In the last page but one of your present chapter you say, "Even this monstrous proposition has "been advanced that, although the catholic faith "teaches all virtue to be good, and all vice evil, "nevertheless, if the pope, through error, should "enjoin vices to be committed, and prohibit vir "tues, the church would be bound to believe, that "vices were good, and virtue evil, and would sin "in conscience, were it to believe otherwise. "could change the nature of things, and make "injustice justice."

He

Monstrous, indeed, would be such a doctrine! Equally monstrous is it to charge it on the romancatholic church. Is not the charge founded altogether on a passage in the treatise of cardinal Bellarmine, de Romano Pontifice*? If this be the case, your charge is so brittle, that it will fall to dust the moment you open the page of Bellarmine which contains it.-You will then instantaneously see, not only that Bellarmine does not teach the doctrine which you ascribe to the church, but that he holds the direct reverse of it to be an acknowledged and indubitable truth. He states a proposition; controverts it; and professes to prove

Liber iv. c. 5, de Decretis Morum, tom. 1. p. 721, ed. Lugdun. fol. 1596. And see in the same volume, p. 393, 394. 789, 790, where he notices the doctrine, that "the pope is lord of the world."

its erroneousness, by showing, that if it were true, "it would authorize the pope to make virtue vice, "and vice virtue." Thus you will find that the proposition, which you impute to Bellarmine, is considered by him to be such a perfect absurdity, and so clear and acknowledged a falsehood, that a proposition leading to it, or from which it would follow as a consequence, must partake of its nature, and become absurd and false. Is not therefore the doctrine of the roman-catholics diametrically contrary to your representation of it?

A little further you say, that "the commentators " even gave the pope the blasphemous appellation "of OUR LORD GOD THE POPE. 99 Two hundred years ago this charge was brought against the commentators, and two hundred years ago it was triumphantly refuted. You probably have copied it, at first or second hand, from the Glossâ final. cap. cum inter Extra. Joan. xxii. Father Eudæmon Joannes, in his Apology for Father Garnet, published in 1610, informs us, that, "in the passage "in question, he found the word Deum, (God), "in some editions of the Gloss, and omitted in "others; that he therefore resolved to consult "the Zenzelini manuscript at the Vatican, which," "might be seen every day;" and "that he found that the real reading was, DOMINUM 66 NOSTRUM PAPAM,”—our LORD THE POPE. After this explanation, you will assuredly agree with me, that there is not greater reason to charge the commentators on the Corpus Juris Canonici,

he says,