24. W and y are sometimes vowels 25. B and p are labials.

26. F and v are hissing labials.

27. D, g,j, l, and t, are dentals.

28. C, h, s, x, and z are hissing dentals.

29. N and m are nasals.

30. K, q, r, and hard g and c, are gutturals 31. L, m, n, and r, are liquids.

32. P, f, t,s, and k, are sharps.

33. B, v, d, z, and g, are flats.

34. D, t, z, c and s, are aspirate consonants.

35. B, c, d, g, j, k, p, t, v, and z, are consonants.

36. F, h, l, m, n, r, s, and x, are semivowels.-Wm. Mulkey. The Key to Walker's Dictionary.

37.

A has four sounds.

1. The long slender English ā, as in fāte.
2. The long Italian ä as in fär.

3. The broad German â as in fall.

4. The short sound of the Italian ǎ as in făt.

E has two sounds.

1. The long ē as in mē.

2. The short ĕ as in mět.

I has two sounds.

1. The long diphthongal ī as pīne.
2. The short simple ĭ as in pin.
O has four sounds.

1. The long open ō, as in nō.

2. The long close ö, as in möve.

3. The long broad ô, as in nôr; like the broad â.

4. The short broad ŏ, as in not.

U has three sounds.

1. The long diphthongal ū, as in tūbe.

2. The short simple ŭ, as in tub.

3. The middle or obtuse û as in full.

The diphthong oi has two sounds.

The long broad ô, and the short ĭ, as in oil.
The diphthong ou has two sounds.

The long broad ô, and the middle obtuse û, as in thôû.
Th has two sounds.

1. The acute or sharp th, as in thin.

2. The grave or flat TH, as in THIS.

38. The sounds of the vowels are ay, ar, aw, ǎh; ēē, ĕh; eye, ih; ōwe, oo, aw, ŏh; yoū, uh, oo.

39. The articulations are fate, far, fall, fat; me, met; pine, pin; no, move, nor, not; tube, tub, full.

APPLICATION.

To ascertain the sound of a in angel, run it through the articulations of a thus,-anegel, arngel, awngel, angel; it sounds like a in fate, and therefore has the first sound of a.

Examples for practice.-Baker, taper, barter, half, salve, command, balm, small, bald, false, marry, arid, walk, around, awake, asleep, again, pass, glass, halt, Africa, America, haunt, taunt, answer, sacrifice. Deist, metre, ten, men, set, let. Fine, kind, mind, resign, win, sin, bin, spirit, mirror. Note, notice, cloves, motive, who, whose, whom, for, or, corn, form, poor, got, lot, horrid, confine, novelty. Cube, cupid, tune, duty, compute, cup, sup, butter, mutter, pull, cub, pulley, pulpit.

Questions. What is orthography? A letter? What are the organs of speech? How many letters has the English alphabet? How many sounds would every letter have in a perfect alphabet? What is said of silent letters and letters having no sound? How are letters divided? What is a vowel? Which are the vowels? What are all the other letters? What is a consonant? From what derived? From what is articulate derived? When is y a consonant? As in what examples? W? What are w and y in all other situations? What is u in the words unite and quitting? I in the word bannian? What sound have u and i when consonants? When are w and y vowels? Into what are consonants divided? 21. What is said of semivowels? What of mutes? What is expressed in 22? In 23? In 24? In 25? In 26? In 27? In 28? In 29? In 30? In 31? In 32? In 33? In 34? In 35? In 36? Who is the author of the notes from 22 to 36 inclusive? How many sounds has a? What are they? E? What are they? I? What are they? How many sounds has o? What are they? U? What are they? What sounds has oi? Ou? How many sounds has th? What are they? What are the sounds of the vowels? The articulations? How do you ascertain the sound of a in the word angel? What sound has it? What sound has a in taper? In command? In sacrifice? The scholar will find the sounds of the remaining examples in the same manner.

SECTION III.

DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS.

40. "A diphthong is the union of two vowels in one syllable;" as, ai in pail; ow in now.

41. A proper diphthong is a diphthong that has both the vowels sounded; as, ou in pound.

42. An improper diphthong is a diphthong that has only one of the vowels sounded; as, ei in forfeit.

43. "A triphthong is the union of three vowels in one syllable"; as, ieu in adieu; iou in captious.

44. When any of the vowels are silent, they are called improper triphthongs. Uoy in buoy is a proper triphthong. Eau in flambeau is an improper triphthong.

DIPHTHONGS.

АА.

45. The diphthong aa sounds like a in fat; as in Balaam, Canaan, Isaac." But in Baal, Gaal, and Gaash, each vowel forms a distinct syllable.

Æ and E.

46. "The diphthongs ae and oe, or a and æ, have the sound of

AP

e. It is better, however, to write the e only; as, Cesar, Eneas, pean, Anteci, era, dieresis, instead of Cæsar, Æneas, pæan, tœci, æra, and diæresis." The first five have the sound of long e; diæresis of short e.

AI and AY.

47. Ai and ay sound like a in fate; as in vain, delay, say, pail, plait. Ai has the sound of short i in curtain; of short a in plaid; of short e in said, again; of long i in aisle; ay, of short e in says, of long e in Monday. Ay meaning yes, has the sound of a in far, and of e in me.

AU and AW.

48. Au and aw have the sound of a in fall; as, caught, bawl, scrawl, defraud. Au before n or gh has the sound of a in far; as in aunt, flaunt, haunt, laugh, launch, laundress, taunt, jaunt, jaundice. Au has the sound of long o in hautboy; of short o in laurel. The letters au are pronounced separately at the end of Greek proper names; as, Agěs-i-la'us, Men-e la'ús.

EI and EY.

49. The general sounds of ei and ey are like a in fate; as in vein. neighbor, convey, purvey. Ei has the sound of long e in deceit, neither, receive, receipt; of short i in foreign, and of long i in height, Oneida. Ey unaccented sounds like e in me; as, alley, barley, valley; also, key and ley; like long i in Eyder.

EA.

50. Ea has the sound of e in me; as in beaver, creature; the sound of short e, as in dead, meadow; and of a in far; as in heart, hearth; of short a in pageant.

EE.

51. Ee has the long e; as in sweet, flee, tree. The poetic contractions e'er and ne'er should be pronounced as if spelled aylar and naylür.

EO.

52. "Eo is pronounced like e long; as in people; and sometimes e short; as in leopard, of long o in yeomanry; like o in nor, in George. It also has the sound of short u; as in dungeon.” —Murray.

EU and Ew.

53. Eu and ew generally have the sound of u in tube; as in feud, deuce, few, new, dew. Ew sometimes has the sound of co; as in brew, grew; of long o; as in sew.

IA and IE.

54 la has the sound of ya; as in filial; of short i; as in carriage. Ie has the sound of long e in grief; of long i in die; of short i in sieve; of short e in friend.

10.

55. Io, when the accent is on the i, forms a distinct syllable; as, violent, violet. Ion has the sound of yun in opinion; of shun in devotion, confession; of chún, when s or z precedes t; as in question, mixtion.

56.

OA and OE

Oa has the sound of o in no; as, boat, coat; of a in fall; as, broad, abroad. Oe in doe has the sound of long o; of oo in shoe, canoe; of short u in does.

or and or.

57. See the diphthong oi in 30. Oy has precisely the same sound as oi; as, toy, joy, decoy. Choir is pronounced quire.

00.

58. The regular sound of oo is like o in move; as, moon, mood, coo, too. It has the sound of u in tub; as, blood, flood; also, of o in no; as, door, floor. The word Coos is pronounced in two syl

lables.

OU and ow.

59. See the proper diphthong ou in 30. Ow has the same sound. As an improper diphthong, ou has five additional sounds,-the sound of short u, as in enough; of oo, as in soup; of long o, as in though; of short o, as in cough; and of aw, as in ought. Good usage favors the omission of u in such words as honour, errour, and spells them honor, error.

UA.

60. Ua has the sound of wa in assuage; the sound of a in far, in guard, guardian; is suppressed in victuals,-pro. vit'tlz. In Mantua and Nashua, the vowels are heard distinctly. Ua in mantua maker, has the sound of long u.

UE.

61. Ue sounds like we in querist; like long u in hue; and like short e in guest. Ue is silent in rogue.

UI.

62. Ui has the sound of wi in languid; of long i in guide; of short i in Guilford; of long u in juice; and of oo ir fruit.

UO.

63. The regular sound of uo is wo; as, quorum, quondam.

TRIPHTHONGS.

AWE and AYE.

64. Awe has the sound of a in fall. Aye meaning always, sounds like a in fate.

EAU.

65. Eau has the sound of long o; as in flambeau; of long u in beauty and its compounds.

EOU.

66. "Eou is always separated; e has a long sound, and ou the short sound of u; as in cu-ta-ne-ous."-Mulkey.

EWE.

67. Ewe is found only in the word ewe, and is pronounced yu.

EYE.

68. Eye which occurs in no other word, has the sound of long i. IEU and IEW.

69. Ieu and iew have the sound of long u; as in lieu, purlieu, view, review.

IOU.

70. Ious sounds like yus in perfidious, ignominious. When preceded by a liquid, it frequently has the sound of short i and short u; as, various, precarious, abstemious.

OEU and OWE.

71. Oeu has the sound of oo; as in manœuvre. Owe has the sound of long o..

UEA and UEE.

72. Uea and uee have the sound of we; as, squeak, queen. UAI and UAY.

73. Uai and way have the sound of way; as quaintness, Paraguay. UOI and UOY.

74. Uoi has nearly the sound of uoy; as, in quoit. Uoy has the sound of u, the third sound of o, and the first sound of e. Dr. Webster gives it the sound of woy; as in buoy.

Sounds of some of the alphabetical letters.

75. C is hard like k at the end of words or syllables; as, in music, vaccinate. C is soft like s before e, i, or y, in celery, cinder, cymbal; and hard like k before a, o, and u, and in all other cases; as, in cancer, come, cube, fact, cramp. "The termination c is now generally used in preference to ck, in simple words of more than one syllable, not having the accent on the last; (a) as, public, music."

76. "In monosyllables and compound words, k is retained; as in block, shipwreck." In the words discern, sacrifice, suffice, and sice, c has the sound of z.

77. "Ch has three sounds; like tch, k, and sh. Ch sounds like sh in French words; as, chaise, chagrin, machine. Ch sounds like k in Greek and Hebrew words. Hence, in Scripture proper names, ch always sounds like k, except in the word Rachel; as, character, scheme, chorus, chemist, Baruch, Chrysop'olis, chal'cedony."

78. Ch sounds like tch in the English word charm. Ch in arch before a consonant, has the sound of tch; as in archbishop, archduke. Before a vowel, it sounds like k; as in archangel, archives, Archipelago; except in arched, archer, archery, archenemy.

79. "E final is frequently used to lengthen a vowel, or soften a consonant; as, age, rage, face, lace, tune, time." In words of Latin or Greek origin, it frequently forms a distinct syllable, like ein me; as, Penelope, extempore, epitome, simile, catastrophe. E has the sound of short i in England, pretty, and yes; of ēēz in Socrates, Demosthenes.

80. F has the sound of v in the word of; but its common unvaried sound in the words whereof, thereof.

81. "G has two sounds; one hard and guttural, and the other soft likej. Before e, i, or y, g is sometimes hard, and sometimes soft; in all other cases it is hard. Before e or i in Scripture proper names, g is generally hard." It is also hard at the end of words and syllables; as, in dog, dagger.

82. Ing should always have its ringing sound; as, in running, walking.

83. Ph has the sound of ƒ in Philip; of vin Stephen; and is silent in phthisic.

84. Q is always followed by u; qu in English words are equiv. alent to kw; as, quadrant, queen, quire. The u is silent in liquor and coquet.

a "Before the letter e or i, as in trafficking, and perhaps one or two other words, k is properly inserted to retain the hard sound of the c; just as the French sometimes insert e to retain the soft sound of g; as in changeant, jugea."