111. Rospecting is the present participle of the active verb respect. 112. Round is from the noun round, a circle, and has nearly the meaning of about.

113. "Since is a participle of the Anglo Saxon verb seon, to see, and may generally be rendered by seen or seeing.Fowle

114. Through is a contraction of thorough, and is from the Anglo Saxon noun thuruh, which means door, gate, or passage.

115. Throughout is compounded of through and out.

116. Till is compounded of to and while, which means time,-to the

time.

117. To is the Gothic noun taui, which means end.

118. Toward is compounded of to and ward; towards is the same with the addition of s. Ward is an Anglo Saxon verb, and means look at or direct the view. He is going toward the house, he is going in the direction to the house, or in the way to the house.

119. Under, in the Dutch onder, is nothing but on-neder, (on lower,) and is a noun.-H. Tooke.

120. Underneath is compounded of under and neath, low.

121. Until is compounded of the particle un and till, and either may be used indifferently, as euphony requires.

122. Unto is compounded of the particle un and to, and by usage has become obsolete.

123. Up, says Fowle, is from ufon, ufan, ufa, meaning high. J. H. Tooke says it means the same as top or head.

124. Upon (high on) is compounded of up and on.

125. "With comes to us from two sources, withan, to join, and wyrthan, to be, both Anglo Saxon verbs."-Fowle.

126. Within (join in, or be in) is compounded of with and in. 127. Without (join out, or be out) is compounded of with and out. 123. Worth (of the value of) is from the Saxon verb, wyrthutan, through the Gothic verb weorthan, or wyrthan, to be. Were and wert come from the same source. Worth was formerly used instead of be; as, “Wo worth (be) (to) the beaute that is routhless.-Chaucer.

DERIVATION OF ENGLISH CONJUNCTIONS. 129. Although is compounded of all and though.

130. And is the Anglo Saxon verb an-ad, to add; as, four and two are six,-four add two are six.

131. As, says Dr. Johnson, is from the Teutonic als, a contraction of all. J. H. Tooke says, that, as originally had the meaning of it, that or which; and it still retains one of these meanings in the various relations in which it is employed in the English language. As, in the sense of when or while, has time understood for its antecedent; as, I saw you as you passed, saw you at the time when or at which you passed. That flower is as (that) white as (which) snow [is.] She can read as (that) well as (which) her sister [can.] As virtue advances, so vice recedes,vice recedes that which virtue advances. As, when a conjunction, has nearly the meaning of since or because, and connects sentences; as, As (because) you appear so reluctant, I withdraw my request. I withdraw my request, the reason for which is you appear so reluctant. 132. Because is compounded of be and cause, the cause is. 133. But, denoting addition, is from bot, the imperative of botan, and means to boot, or superadd.

134. But, denoting exception, is from be-utan, which means be out, except, or leave out.

135. Both is the adjective both, meaning two, and is considered a conJunction when followed by and.

136. Either is from the Saxon angther, egther, other, and means one of

137. Except, meaning unless, is the imperative of the same verb. 133. For is a Gothic noun, meaning cause.

139. "If is a corruption of gif, the imperative of gifan, the Saxon orthography of give, and answers in signification and use to admit, allow, grant, suppose."-Dr. Webster.

140. Lest is compressed from lessed, the perfect participle of the Anglo Saxon verb lesan, to dismiss or loose, and means dismissed or loosed. 141. Neither is compounded of the particle ne, which means not, and the word either, not either.

142. Nor is a compression of not and or,—not other.

143. Or is a contraction of the adjective other.

144. Since means seen or seeing. See the preposition since.

145. Than is derived from a Hebrew verb, meaning give, put, or place. Ree's Cyc. Ex. "Charity is greater than faith." Place or exhibit faith, charity is greater.

146. J. H. Tooke, in his Diversions of Purley, considers the word that an adjective, when parsed as a conjunction in English; as, "I wish you to believe that I would not wilfully hurt a fly." "I would not wilfully hurt a fly; I wish you to believe that (assertion.)"

147. Though, or as it has been spelled, tho, thah, thaf, thauf, and thof, is the Anglo Saxon verb thafian, and means to allow, permit, grant, yield, or assent.-Fowle.

148. Unless, or as it used to be spelled, onles, is the Anglo Saxon verb dismiss or except, and either of these verbs may be put instead of it.-Id. 149. Whereas is compounded of where and as.

150. Whether is from the Saxon word hwaether, and is resolvable into which, denoting one of two alternatives; as, I cannot tell whether he will go or stay. He will go or stay; I cannot tell which.

151. Yet is from the Anglo Saxon verb get, the imperative of getan, to get.

RECAPITULATION OF THE RULES OF SYNTAX. RULE I. The nominative case governs the verb in person and number. See page 143.

RULE II. A verb agrees with its nominative case in person and number. See page 143.

RULE III. Active verbs or active participles govern the objective case. See page 144.

RULE IV. Adjectives belong to nouns or pronouns See page 145. 678. The article a or an belongs to nouns in the singular number only. page 146.

See

679. The article the belongs to nouns in the singular or plural number. RULE V. Nouns or pronouns in the possessive case are usually governed by the noun which follows them. See page 146.

RULE VI. Prepositions govern the objective case. See page 147.

RULE VII. Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives, or other adverbs. See page 148.

RULE VIII. Nouns or pronouns, signifying the same person or thing, agree in case. See page 149.

RULE IX. Any verb or participle may have the same case after it as before it, when oth words signify the same person or thing. See page 152.

706. Note 2. The subject and predicate nominative are always in the same case, when both words signify the same person or thing. See page 152.

Note 4. Both the primary and predicate object are always in the same case See page 152.

RULE X. Conjunctions connect nouns or pronouns in the same case. See page 153.

RULE XI. Conjunctions usually connect verbs in the same mode or tense See page 154.

RULE XII. A verb, having two or more nominatives connected by the conjunction and, must agree with them in the plural number. See page 155. 712. If any or either of the nominatives is of the first person, the verb is of the first person. If not, and any or either of the nominatives is of the second person, the verb is of the second person. See page 155.

713. A verb having two or more nominatives, preceded by the adjectives each or every, though connected by the conjunction and, must agree with them in the singular number. See page 155.

RULE XIII. A verb having two or more singular nominatives connected by the conjunction or or nor, must agree with them in the singular number. page 157.

See

RULE XIV. Pronouns agree with their antecedents, or the nouns which they represent, in person, number, and gender. See page 158.

RULE XV. Participles refer to nouns or pronouns. See page 161.

RULE XVI. Verbs in the infinitive mode refer to нons or pronouns; and are governed by verbs, participles, adjectives, or nouns. See page 162.

RULE XVII. The noun or pronoun designating the name of the person or thing addressed, is in the nominative case independent, when its case depends on no other word in the sentence. See page 163.

RULE XVIII. A noun or pronoun, joined with a participle, and governing no verb, is in the nominative case absolute. See page 164.

RULE XIX. A noun or pronoun following a neuter or passive participial noun, is in the nominative case absolute, when the participial noun is preceded by a noun or pronoun in the possessive case, either expressed or understood, referring to the same person or thing. See page 207.

763. Collective nouns, or nouns of multitude, have verbs and pronouns agreeing with them either in the singular or plural number;-in the singular number, when unity is implied; in the plural number, when plurality is implied. See page 171.

771. When the nominatives are connected by but, the verb usually agrees with the nominative which precedes the conjunction; and that which follows the conjunction, governs a verb understood. See 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, and page 175.

Note 1. The words as, but, and than, are usually followed by a noun or pronoun in the same case that the noun or pronoun is, which precedes them. As and than, in such instances, denote comparison. See page 175.

784. A preposition is frequently understood. See 785, 786, 787, 788, and page 181.

797 The sign to is omitted after see, hear, feel, let, make, bid, have, need, and dare. See 798, 799, 800, 801, and page 186.

821. The pronouns it and which frequently relate to what is implied in some other part of speech or part of a sentence, and sometimes to the whole of a preceding sentence; as, Jane is handsome, and she knows it. See page 199.

824. Those verbs which can be changed into the variations of the verb be or become, without injuring the sense, are followed by adjectives, rather than by adverbs; as, The rose looks (is) beautiful. The ice fecls (is) cold. See Lesson C. on page 202.

905. Adjectives that have number, must agree with their nouns in number. See page 236. See page

906. Never use the pronoun them instead of the adjective those. 236.

910. Any and none should be used in preference to either and neither, when we speak of more than two persons. See page 237.

911. Double comparatives and superlatives should not be used.

237.

See page

932. Two negatives in English destroy each other, and render the double negation an affirmative one in meaning. See page 243.

910. Pronouns, being used to supply the place of nouns, should not be employed in the same member of the sentence as the nouns which they represent; as, The boy, he is idle. See page 249.

962. GENERAL RULE OF SYNTAX. In the construction of sentences, the most appropriate words should be selected, and should be arranged in that order which will exhibit the sentiments expressed to the best advantage. A systematic, lucid, and correspondent construction should be carefully preserved throughout every sentence. See page 265.

967. TAUTOLOGY. Words should not be used whose meaning is implied in some preceding word; a needless repetition of the same meaning in different words is called tautology. See page 259.

973. The correlative correspondent phrases, as well as, as soon as, so far as, and the like, belong to two members of a compound sentence; and, in analyzing, as well, as soon, so far, &c. belong to the former, and the word as, whose antecedent is demonstrated by the first so eras, belongs to the latter member of

the sentence.

974. As IF. The words as if denote an ellipsis of two distinct sentences, with a finite verb belonging to ea h; as, What necessity is there of so much noise, as if the house was falling down? Elliptically, (such a noise) as (there would be) if, &c.